Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. So, if you simply want to get rodents out of the house, call a Mackerel Tabby Cat to do the job (and dont forget to reward them with the appropriate food afterward). gene that makes a cat red or cream also makes the tabby markings visible, The Science Behind the Fur: What Makes Black Cats Black, Catster Magazine Subscription Maintenance, Thank you Top 5 Cat Behaviors Explained. Now that weve learned a little more about how the beautiful mackerel pattern happens, lets take a closer look at the history of this interesting coat. link to What Kind of Milk Can Cats Drink? I had a little girl that was a solid gray, but when the sun hit her fur, you could see some reddish stripes. Classic Tabbies usually have light-colored butterfly markings on their shoulders, with three distinctive stripes running down their backs along their spine, with the center stripe often being thicker and darker than the other two. Bella: So lets try to sort this out. Ideally, the stripes are non-broken lines; evenly spaced. Now that we know the basics about the Mackerel Tabby Cat, lets take a look at some interesting facts/trivia about them: Did you know that the Mackerel pattern is the first tabby pattern recognized in domestic cats? Brown Tabbies are what most people think of when they envision a Tabby. We do our best to help you better understand your cats, but the information on this blog is not a substitute for veterinary guidance. (579) $22.49. Brown mackerel tabbies are the most common type of tabby coat pattern. "This is due to their hair having multiple colors on each strand which 'dilutes' the distinct tabby markings.". There are two possible alleles: the dominant one ("A") which means the cat is agouti, and the recessive one ("a") which means a cat is non-agouti or solid. The tabby pattern can sometimes still be seen on some solid-color cats, especially on kittens, and its referred to as ghost markings. In the United Kingdom, Classic Tabbies are the most commonly found pattern, and they are the second most common in the United States. Siouxsie: Speaking of stripes, tabby cats with narrow stripes like Thomas are called mackerel tabbies or tiger cats back in New England where we came from. A tabby cat is a cat that has agouti hairs. Bella: One tabby color you dont see very often is the black tabby, a cat with black stripes on a very dark-gray background. Any cat (or pet, for that matter), should have a balanced weight to avoid health problems so that theyll live longer. Since this about tabby cat patterns I am wondering why you chose to mostly frontal views of the cats. Cat Nail Biting: What to Do If Your Cat Chews & Pulls His Claws, Why Is My Kitten So Hyper? . Mackerel Tabby Cats arent exactly a breed theyre a coat pattern thats commonly found in the Domestic Shorthair (also known as. It doesnt refer to a single breed. is ABSOLUTELY GORGEOUS and i feel confident thats a fair and just description. By clicking below, you agree that we may process your information in accordance with these terms. "A tabby's genes can be traced back to ancient African wild cats who had similar patterns as your tabby does today," says Angelica Dimock, DVM, managing shelter veterinarian at Animal Humane Society in Minnesota. The mackerel tabby cat has stripes that run perpendicular to the cat's spine and line his legs and ring his tail. Eizirik, Eduardo et al. His face is scrunched a bit on one side from Im guessing a cat fight at some point. Right now I have a very senior lady that has wide bands of orange and white, not like a tabby at all but she has the M on her forehead that all tabbies have. There can also be areas of color about the body, and secondary colors like brown and cream may also be visible. Since she was one of the most common pattern/color cats, we named her JustaCat. The patterns may come in various colors and some of them might be a bit darker than others. They are not overly needy or attention-seeking and are just as happy to spend the day alone as they are interacting with their family. Thanks in advance! A brown tabby has black stripes against a brown and gray background; it's your typical "tiger cat" and the wild type coloration of the wildcat. It is not known whether these spots developed from a mackerel tabby or come from a separate gene. The Mackerel Tabby is, like most Tabby variations, a wonderful family animal. This piece was originally published in 2015. All of the hairs that would be black will instead be blue. Himmy died subsequently and Guinness decided to discontinue this record to avoid making pet owners overfeed their pet. Its effect is to modify the mackerel or blotched patterns. https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/md9oZyNfTQhSCNxOsRfU3TDNivWzUu4bRwnPLYW9Vk8?feat=directlink. Thomas, I think youre a grey tabby :D -and a beautiful one too :D Puss was a blackie, but the older he got, the more orange came into his fur -he was still black, except in the bright sun lol :D (didnt make him any less beautiful though), im not entirely sure what kind my 2 are , Heres Alexander: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10154097099910313&l=1c4d16177f, Heres Sophie-Mae https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10152688854980313&l=c921cf359f, https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10200315253473388&set=pb.1515674696.-2207520000.1419962291.&type=3&theater. The brown shade may also look like bronze at some point because it is a combination of dark brown (that resembles black) and light brown (which is kind of like cream or tan). Think of how tigers easily blend into their surroundings to catch prey with ease. She was said to be a bullseye tabby, as she had stripes in big spirals on her sides. AZCat.net is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com, You may find an association between cats and fish the Mackerel Tabby Cat is, surprisingly, one of them, due to how theyre named. Adult female domestic short hair pattern classifies as. , Your email address will not be published. What You Need to Know! So, today we will only touch on those that create the tabby pattern and brown color. What fun for us and his family gots to bring him home! What colour is a tabby cat? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. For example, in a chocolate tabby, the markings are composed of hairs with a chocolate color, while the agouti hairs have bands of chocolate and light reddish chocolate.Tabby cats usually look clearer than their equivalent solid color because of the agouti hairs. Eventually, the Mackerel Tabby Cat became the most prominent type of tabby pattern and was easily found in many domestic cats, specifically crossbred or mixed breeds. This shouldnt be much of an issue, as most Tabbies love a good play session and love to be around their owners. The striped tabby pattern helps cats to camouflage in the wild, so they can catch their prey more easily and hide from predators. Here are pictures of Katie who is darker gray and Spencer who was lighter gray. This feline sports the familiar tabby pattern as well as the "M-shaped" marking on the forehead; that's why they are also called tiger cats. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Sometimes you can see those faint tabby markings on a solid-colored cat who is sitting in the bright sun. Brown tabbies have a warm brown or bronze tone to their background color with black stripes. The background hair consists of light and dark bands, intermingled with dark lines, spots or swirls layered on top. I was told she was part Siamese. Thomas: As a tabby cat myself, I know how challenging this can be when humans try to describe me. 7. I have 9 cats all together lol theyre all rescues, but only 4 are tabbies. The Classic Tabby pattern is also known as marbled or blotched patterning and is defined by the thick, curving bands of color that often swirl into a bullseye on the side of the cats body. All Rights Reserved. Creative commons photos used in posts must be shared with original artist credits intact. Her fur is super short and silky like a pelt , she has no white except a tiny bit under her chin, , the backs of her feet are black, and she has very definite stripes thst break unto spots across her flank. The tiger-stripe tabby pattern was dubbed mackerel because the stripes coming off of the cats spine resemble a fish skeleton. https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/439566cf922e42e873071739ee7ef7a99481612a14a569b55b219031bd271931.jpg What breed if the black tabby? endstream
endobj
startxref
I advise that you first read the introduction to genetics in this article. It was a joy for us to get to know him over the last 3 months or so. Get tips and exclusive deals. A mackerel tabbyhas narrow stripes that run in parallel down her sides. No matter what color your tabby is, she is . If the cat is a/a, it will be solid. The American shorthair is a classic tabby cat with a proud history of protecting property from pests, arriving in America aboard the Mayflower and instantly feared by mice everywhere. "Because of this, most cat breeds today have tabby genes even if they do not show any tabby patterning.". Patched tabby (also known as torbie ): Two-toned tabby markings, which usually consist of brown and red. You could also invest in a puzzle feeder to slow down their food intake. Cat color genetics can be quite complicated. In short: Don't take our word as gospel. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the term tabby originated from a type of silk taffeta with a wavy surface produced in Baghdad called attb, after the neighborhood it was created in. However, the mackerel pattern is often considered to be the original tabby coat pattern. When you buy via links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no extra cost to you. Are you embarrassed to have stripes? However, you dont need to worry about this with the brown mackerel tabby. Which Type of Dog Fence Is Right For Your Pet? Tabby Cat Health. A brown tabby has black stripes against a brown and gray background; its your typical tiger cat and the wild type coloration of the wildcat. These cats are quite common among Domestic Shorthairs. Blessings! "Tabby" is common lingo for cat lovers, but the real meaning of the word might get lost the more .
This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Locking them up in your apartment, condo unit, or room all day would result in weight issues. Walking Heat Maps, Catster Magazine Subscription Maintenance, Thank you Top 5 Cat Behaviors Explained. Tabby is a coat pattern and not a breed, it consists of four patterns, mackerel, spotted, classic and ticked. My best companion, even over my husband Dont tell him. The term tabby refers to their striped fur pattern. Siouxsie: If you want to learn some cool stuff about the genetics behind cat fur, check out these articles Mama wrote for Catster: My first 2 were tabbies. Get tips and exclusive deals. https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/cc1f0530f080454017b3718b59af56252fe3e2124865dbbcf268ee320bf09ea3.jpg, A gray tabby is actually a cat with blue/gray stripes against a lighter gray background. Theyre great cats to bring into the family if you have children. She worked at Best Friends Animal Society for 12 years where she had two columns in the. He loves to run and jump he will lay on me however no one not even myself can pet/cuddle him he will bite hard. Here is everything you need to know about tabbies and their pattern. She is rather devoted to me and sometimes I think she knows I saved her. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Copyright 2023 Meredith Corporation. Siouxsie: Youd think it would be easy to tell what color a cat is, but everybody seems to see a different color when they look at a tabby cat. Siouxsie: The silver tabby has black stripes like a gray tabby, but the background color is a very light gray. Both Classic Tabbies and Mackerel Tabbies can occur in any breed and can come in a wide variety of sizes and colors. mackerel pattern is dominant over the blotched pattern. Mackerel Tabbies, on the other hand, have thinner, more evenly spaced striping throughout their bodies that may break into smaller segments, with a singular stripe running down their spines that branches into a distinctive fish-skeleton pattern. Thomas: Some tabbies have big, wide stripes that form round shapes on their sides. This can give a salt-and-pepper effect to the coat.Nevertheless, residual bandings on the legs, tails, and torso might be present in some ticked tabbies. Truly had the Tabbitude, but we also got to see his softer side over the last few days. The mackerel tabby has stripes comparable to fish bones, with narrow striped rings around the legs and tail. While domestic or mixed breed cats arent very picky with human food, theyll get more nutrients from the food thats specifically tailored to them. Breed Overview Personality: Friendly, independent, outgoing, adventurous Weight: Up to 18 pounds Length: Up to 40 inches Coat Length: Short Hair or Long Hair Coat Colors: Brown, gray, orange, or black Coat Patterns: Tabby The characteristic lines of these patterns are broken into spots in spotted cats. 78 0 obj
<>
endobj
https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/be924924eb3fd21bea083337df39982c297e1955f0a876ab7b39d42e43e06081.jpg https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/c4e51b4c291d095f13896f69f181c58526631f8740f1ad09611c9092ccaeb625.jpg. You may find an association between cats and fish the Mackerel Tabby Cat is, surprisingly, one of them, due to how theyre named. hU6+Hc*NNvDypIFe{S"A3=mvYeU dET I-%}p:Fj,}Zk"lW]&D
*+x~`q}SNM!l^-n
T?1
hDblh\:hD10 s(2$.1[:fnK)MNLlYUmpSed
dFh@Zk Tabby kittens can get their fur patterns from either the sire or the dam, so the unique markings often emerge in the litters of cat fanciers breeding programs and those unplanned random cat romances. Until just now after doing a search on your site did I know there was such a type of kitty! Many tabby cats have the trademark M created by the stripes on the tabbys forehead. Mine are black tabbys and Ive never seen it before and Ive been searching trying to find out. There is still much to learn about the genetic behind the different tabby patterns! Since the tabby trait is a pattern only, your tabby cat's personality depends more on their breeding. Although the default color of this pigment is black, it can be turned into brown if your cat inherits the recessive b gene from both parents. The stripes are often solid lines but they can be broken and they are born with them. Siouxsie: And the spotted tabby looks a lot like a wild cat. With that said, Mackerel Tabbies are also awesome mouse hunters due to their enthusiastic and playful nature. Mackerel Tabby kittens are quite troublesome due to being too mischievous. They love to play, so games that involve chasing and hunting with toys are a sure winner. Many people wonder whether a cats coat color and pattern will have an impact on its health. Katie is all stripes. They also come in brown, silver, ginger, blue, gray or red. It reads All orange cats are tabby cats and vice versa.. In the typical form, there are separate patches of brown tabby and red tabby on the same animal. I see a lot more mackerel tabbies than blotched tabbies! Siouxsie: And maybe you didnt know this, but even cats that look solid black can actually be tabbies. However, many cats of distinguished breeding boast the striking tabby coat: from the Norwegian Forest Cat to the Maine Coon. Mackerel tabbies are the tigers of the tabby cat, rocking a stylish coat of stripes that stands out amongst other tabby variations. Brown mackerel tabbies have black patterns over a heat brown or bronze base shade. There are 4 distinct tabby patterns: Classic Tabby, Mackerel Tabby, Spotted Tabby and the Ticked Tabby. The color is like a coffee shade for the darker lines and cream or tan shade for the rest of the body, giving off a Garfield-like design. If youd like to help us pay for our hosting costs, please consider supporting our Patreon campaign or making a one-time donation through PayPal. The most prevalent nose color for tabbies is pink with a ring of black pigmentation, which can change. Are stripes embarrassing to you? hb``f``2d`b` ,@f00;nv4vhh Jl8X p Siouxsie: Then theres the orange tabby, sometimes known as a marmalade cat, which has very bright orange-reddish stripes on a medium orange background. Van is a bi-color pattern that features a mostly white cat with some color on the tail and top of the head. Cat owners desiring more to love need look no further than the Maine coon, the largest domestic cat breed out there. Spencer had some spots. Thank you for your info! Let's take a look at the key features of each here: Dear Most Esteemed and Knowledgeable Kitties: I know my cat is a tabby, I just dont know what color tabby he is. Overall, randomly bred mackerel tabby kittens will cost $100 or even less. Contrary to popular belief, a Tabby is not a breed but actually a type of pattern found in almost all cat breeds. Mackerel Tabby Cats arent exactly a breed theyre a coat pattern thats commonly found in the Domestic Shorthair (also known as puspin in the Philippines or moggies in the UK). And it happens to be the most common of all the feline coat patterns. The Tabby cat locus maps to feline chromosome B1.Animal geneticsvol. My Charley looks a lot like Thomas I think of him as a tuxedo brown tabby. By clicking below to subscribe, you acknowledge that your information will be transferred to Mailchimp for processing. There are two notable mackerel tabby traits that help make him a real standout. Orange tabby is my favorite! Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The Classic Tabby is an ideal family cat. People sometimes call the average domestic cat a tabby, but tabby is not a cat breed it is actually the pattern of kittys coat. I dont know why theyre so classic and mackerel tabbies arent. So, as long as your cat inherits either two Tm genes, or one Tm and one Tb, you will have a mackerel tabby. This color might be a bit confusing to describe, but it does exist as a Mackerel Tabby color out there. What kind of tabby is it that also has the white fur? Finally, the last theorized gene (it could be that, in reality, it might be one unique gene but the influence of multiple polygenes) is the Spotted gene. Adult female domestic short hair classifies as brown mackerel tabby with gray field. JJ was mostly a gray with silver and tan in her stripes. My very first pair were unrelated tabbies. I9M:j0x2,mXy |F J
And, this is the most common color for cats with this pattern. The M as mentioned refers to the inverted chevron markings above his eyes. Although deafness has been linked to white color coats in cats, the brown mackerel pattern has not been linked to an increased risk in health conditions. I found I wasnt feeding her quite enough & she started biting! :RQ.8a}t%x4k|2F(-'hVq8ad_^fgfI xh>xV*^svm, Denise LeBeau is a writer, editor and photographer with almost 20 years of experience of creating content for animal-related issues, endeavors and events. He was 10 years old, weighed 46 lbs. Mackerel Tabbies are the most commonly seen Tabby pattern, and this is the pattern that most people think of when the term Tabby is used. These familiars are believed to be the reincarnation of human souls who were victimized by the spell of a witch. And just like the saying, a tiger cant change his stripes, its impossible to resist the cuteness thats at the core of all mackerel tabby cats. The poster child of the ticked tabby, the "tabby Aby" Abyssinian is lithe, elegant, and graceful, gliding through life eagerly at your heels. If a cat is sp/sp, it has a normal mackerel or blotched tabby pattern. Ha Ha. Or better yet socialize them early to avoid wrecking items too easily when theyre older! Although thoroughly researched, articles are not written or edited by a veterinarian. Well, like most tabby cats, they will live between 15 and 20 years old depending on the following factors: What are you feeding your cat? Gentle giants at heart, Maine coons love staying close to their familythough, thankfully for your lap, they aren't typically lap cats. Tee hee hee! Those cats are called classic or blotched tabbies. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Most of us grew up watching Tom & Jerry in which Tom gleefully sips a bowl of milk. However, like all tabbies, this coat pattern has tabby markings on the face and agouti hairs on the body. Get the dog moms and dads in your life something unique this year. They may not be ready to beat you in a game of chess, but these brainy dogs are easy to train and generally eager to please you. Still, certain cat breeds are more known for their tabby patterns than others. To get a Red Tabby Cat, a Red father is usually paired with a Calico or Tortoiseshell mother. Please let us know all the ways you would like to hear from us: You can change your mind at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link in the footer of any email you receive from us, or by contacting us at advice@paws-and-effect.com. The Science Behind the Fur: What Makes Black Cats Black? Eumelanin is the one we need to focus on. Read Next: Siamese Cats Are Temperature-Sensitive Albinos, a.k.a. Catster is a cat magazine and cat website where cat lovers come together and get expert advice about cat behavior, cat health and cat news. They have a single stripe running down their backs that branches out around their bodies, giving the appearance of a fish skeleton, and this is where the unique pattern gets its name. Silver Tabby Cat The silver tabby presents with a silver-white background color with black tabby markings. My Wendy was one too! I have what someone called a mackerel tabby and she has broken stripes like dashes. Red tabby: Dark red spots, stripes and whorls on a light red/cream background. Christian is the Editor-in-Chief of Excited Cats and one of its original and primary contributors. They are sometimes referred to as tiger cats because their stripes resemble the only occurring-in-the-wild big cat with stripes, yes, Panthera tigris. What about the infamous tabbitude? Every feline parent is familiar with the ubiquitous cattitude. Often, a mackerel tabby with a broken pattern resembles a spotted tabby. And, of course, theyre all individually lovable. 5 Types of Tabby Cats and the Breeds That Flaunt Those Striking Patterned Coats. It is believed that purebred tabbies can set you back with $700-$1500. %%EOF
Tabby cats (a.k.a. These types of patterns correspond to the way agouti hairs are distributed on the cat's body. Their stripes vary from nearly black to tan over a cream or white body. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The Tabby pattern is caused by the agouti gene, which is characterized by individual hairs having bands of light and dark coloring, which can result in stripes, spots, or a combination of both. I cant see a way to post a pic, We got Cookie & her sister Hoss as 16 week old semi-feral siblings who were used to having food put out by humans but had never been handled. Usually, a spayed/neutered Mackerel Tabby Cat will most likely spend their time indoors rather than go outside. All cats have a tabby pattern, and yes, this may sound confusing. But you can read more about these historical debates here. So, a fur composed of agouti hairs has a clearer color than a solid one. UB~Z)d/Zg`E[pq(}UsBRZ*jIs-wM}! Q0 HQuhYx3. "M" marks the spot! Is it a mask? In addition to those, we can find some other patterns which are often an intermediate between two of the main ones, or patterns which are specific to some cat breeds such as the rosette and marble of the Bengal cat, or the Sokoke marbled pattern.For example, broken mackerel is an intermediate between a mackerel tabby and a spotted tabby: these cats have broken stripes or long spots, depending on the point of view.The Bengal breed has two specific tabby patterns: the rosetted, which is a subcategory of the spotted tabby, and marble tabby, a subcategory of the blotched tabby. All the others went to a local no kill shelter, just broke my heart. You will find tabby cats in a vast array of coat colors as well ranging including cream cameo lilac seal gray silver red brown golden cinnamon chocolate blue and black smoke. Win a Tomlyn Cat Wellness Pack Sweepstakes: OFFICIAL RULES. On the left a cinnamon tabby and on the right a cinnamon solid from @cassia_timo_gustav_orientals. Thats because tabby cats, during the 16th and 17th centuries, were commonly referred to as female cats owned by witches. Tabby cats need plenty of fresh, clean water. Required fields are marked *. I also have a young mommy (calico) and her 4 boys. He was 10 years old, weighed 46 lbs. Folklore reports it could be from an Islamic prophet, a blessed virgin mother or even an ancient sacred Egyptian icon. Looking straight to camera. They opened the door to many, many, fur-babies since, but I still miss them terribly! For instance, it could have come from Mohammed, from Mary (mother of Jesus Christ), or from the Egyptian word for cat, which is Mau. Two lilac spotted tabby from @lunar_lilac_ori. Again, this pattern isnt common in regular cats, but Bengals, Savannahs and Ocicats have spotted tabby coats. The term tabby actually describes the coat pattern on your cat. We can get dehydrated just like you. If youre considering bringing a brown mackerel tabby into your home, youll want to learn a little more about their temperament. Thomas: The cream or buff tabby is a dilute version of the orange tabby, with medium orange stripes against a creamy or very pale orange background. Most chill cat ever! They have thick stripes and bands on the legs, tail, and cheeks, with varying shades of darker colored bands throughout their bodies. I am currently raising money for her bloodwork to be done, please send us your warmest thoughts/prayers/energies. ), but arguably the most popular is the mackerel tabby. In the next article I will talk about the colorpoints cats: stay tuned to know more about cat furs! Right, but while they are not agouti (they don't have any agouti hairs), they still genetically carry a tabby pattern!In fact, there are different genes at play in tabby cats: one that determines if the cat is agouti or solid, and others that determine the tabby pattern of the cat. Little Mya, on the other hand, might be a silver tabby as she is a silvery-gray with almost a cream background. To keep him happy and healthy, you need to give him ample mental and physical stimulation. Youll also see the M-shaped markings on the forehead of the cat. The Siberian is a medium to medium large, strong triple coated cat with surprising heft for its size. A plus: she has a great sense of humor. One has long hair and looks very much like the marmalade pictured. Ensure you seek for the advice and/ or products recommended byAzcat.net if you want to build a relationship with your cat that is appealing, long-lasting and impressive. A silver tabby usually has striking black stripes (unlike the gray tabby) against a much lighter gray or white background, but with no brown/red coloration in the coat (unlike the brown tabby). There are 4 main types of tabby patterns, which Im going to describe more in detail in this article. Amazing little boy and it was an amazing rescue. TheKitschyCorner. The blotched tabby, also called classic tabby, is characterized by thick curved bands in a swirled pattern. Defining and mapping mammalian coat pattern genes: multiple genomic regions implicated in domestic cat stripes and spots.Geneticsvol. They have a reputation for being a great first cat. They are sometimes referred to as "tiger cats" because their stripes resemble. All cats, no matter their breed or patterning, require regular exercise to stay healthy and happy. Red tabbies . To answer this question, in this third article in my series on cat coats we are going to talk about all the types of markings a cat can have, and the genetics behind them. Dimock says an "M" shape on the forehead is characteristic of all tabby cats. He wasnt displaying any of the signs that he was an annoyed cat, hed just get super excited; so excited that if you tried to move away from him, hed jump down, rubbing his body against your legs. A Mackerel Tabby has the following key personality traits: Did you know that indoor cats tend to have a longer lifespan than those that spend most of their time outside? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Stay informed! 2. 13. This is incorrect. Quick filters: Cut Outs | Vectors | Black & white.