1. A further 10 were converted from 263 chassis in October 1942. The Puma's 50 mm gun could penetrate and knock out Allied armoured cars and light tanks, but this was not the vehicle's role. Schwerer Panzerspähwagen SdKfz 231 6-Rad [Reconocimiento] Vehículo blindado construido antes del comienzo de la contienda sobre el chasis de un camión 6×4. The poor performances of the first, “6-rad” (six wheeled) model led to a complete redesign by Bussing-NAG, with a eight-wheeled vehicle with fully independent steering wheels and a much more powerful engine. The 231 and the 232 radio-version were introduced before the campaign of Poland and soldiered until the end of the war. The commander and gunner sat in the turret. 232 was armed with a 20 mm KwK 30 L/55 autocannon. 231 (8 rad). Hello, dear reader! These vehicles were used throughout the war in various guises and first saw combat in the campaign against Poland and in the Battle of France. They were identical, only differing by their tall “bedstead” frame aerial antenna, fixed with pivots on the turret, thus allowing it to rotate freely. This was a long-range antenna, providing liaison with the HQ, up to a hundred miles away. It was one of the most heavily armed armoured cars available. The s.Pz.Sp.Wg. Magirus presented the M-206, Büssing its G-31 and Daimler-Benz the G3.6. Books. From September 1941, a more powerful engine was installed, providing 180 PS instead of 155 PS. 233 The Sd.Kfz. The Sd. 231-est a németek versailles-i békeszerződés kijátszására a Szovjetunióban, a kazáni gyakorló központban fejlesztették ki. 231 6 rad, Centauro, Luchs, Panhard ERC, Sd.Kfz. One hundred and nine of these vehicles were built at the Büssing plant between December 1942 and October 1943. In all, the 8 rad was well received by the army reconnaissance units and began to replace its predecessor in some units. 232 employed an unusual dual driver arrangement, with one driver seated at each end of the vehicle. This allowed the vehicle to be driven in either direction (forward or backward) with equal ease. This variant was similar to the Marder tank destroyer series in that it was a weakly armoured, open-topped anti-tank vehicle that could not engage enemy armour head to head; it was a stop-gap measure. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Fórum dedicado aos modelos de Militaria que se encontram na linha de montagem. The heavy Panzerspähwagen was a large but very fast and highly versatile addition to the German Army. 234 series were completely new designs, of a similar size and appearance to the Sd.Kfz. The Schwerer Panzerspähwagen on Wikipedia (generic). It was introduced during Update 1.79 "Project X"in the "Good Old S.U.M.M.E.R" event of 2018. Sd.kfz.231/232 German 6-Wheeled Armored Vehicle Etching Set Passion Models 1:35 P35-129 + Actions Stash. The engine, notably, suffered badly under this climate. They were powered by a Tatra diesel. 234 (Sonderkraftfahrzeug 234, Special Purpose Vehicle 234), was a family of armoured cars designed and built in Germany during World War II. This antenna was supported by two insulated vertical connecting tubes at the back corners and an inverted U-shape tube construction on the turret sides with a central joint that allowed the turret its full 360° traverse. From July 1941, any need for a 231 was fulfilled by producing a 232 without the additional radio equipment. Your email address will not be published. 251 Modelo/Nome Sd.KFZ 231 … This was a radio vehicle "Funkspähwagen" equipped with extra long-range radio equipment and an additional radio operator. They were issued as a platoon of six vehicles in support of reconnaissance battalions. 263 (8-rad). It weighed nearly 12 tons but was still capable of 85 km/h (53 mph). Armour was increased up to 30 mm in the later Sd.Kfz. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; all unstructured text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. Download Instruction Plans | 6419Kb (.pdf) Markings Schwerer Panzerspähwagen (8-Rad) Sd.Kfz. Although the gun had a very limited traverse, the complex steering was used at its best by the driver to aim the hull itself quickly and precisely, making this variant a much more capable SPG than the usual tracked vehicles. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Preliminary tests on the G3 already showed that the chassis was sturdy enough to mount an armored frame above it. They were issued as a platoon of six vehicles in support of reconnaissance battalions. Frete GRÁTIS com Prime. Shop with confidence. The Schwere Panzerspähwagen (heavy reconnaissance armored car) concept was first developed into several road wheeled vehicles tested at the secret Kazan proving grounds, in the USSR, following an agreement between the two countries. [citation needed], Production versions of the Sd.Kfz. This was the standard reconnaissance variant built from 1937 to 1941. Sd.Kfz.2316-rad isheavy armored car of the 1930s.A total of 123 armored vehicles of this type were produced. It is operated by a crew of just two; the driver and the gunner. Sd.Kfz.231 (early type) Berlin, September 1937. Front armour corners are simplified and the overall angle is flattened. 231 family that they replaced. The first model developed as a series, following the interim Reichswehr Kfz.13, was based on a June 1929 specification asking for an armored car especially designed for scouting operations, with a good endurance, range and off-road capabilities. The initial idea was for a vehicle that could be used to transport a single squad of panzergrenadiers to the battlefield protected from enemy small arms fire, and with some protection from artillery fire. [Expositor] Sd.Kfz-231-6Rad 1:35 - Scratchbuilding. There were four main model modifications (Ausführung A through D), which formed the basis for at least 22 variants. This article is in need of some care and attention and may contain errors or inaccuracies. The role intended was for the car's armour to protect the crew from small arms fire during reconnaissance missions. If you spot anything out of place, please let us know! The official name was schwerer Panzerspähwagen (Fu) Sd. The vehicle is equipped with a 2 cm KwK 30 L/55 auto-cannon and a coaxially mounted MG 34. The HEAT round for this weapon was, however, effective against vehicles. The s.Pz.Sp.Wg. The 231 was armed with a 2 cm KwK 30 L/55 autocannon, and a Maschinengewehr 13 machine gun. All came from a wartime specification after the campaigns in Poland, France and early experience in Africa. In addition, the standard mounting of at least one MG 34 or MG 42 machine gun allowed the vehicle to provide su… Later on, it became evident that heavier armament was needed inside each recce unit, and an artillery version was produced, the Sd.Kfz.233. To support the additional equipment, the turret was omitted, the superstructure was raised and only a single ball-mounted machine gun was mounted. Your email address will not be published. German Heavy Reconnaissance Vehicles Sd.Kfz. Rüstsatz. 231, Sd.Kfz. 263 (8-Rad) radio vehicle. The 20 mm cannon was not designed to defeat enemy tanks; experiments were made towards replacing it with a heavier gun, which resulted in the Sd.Kfz. It was introduced during Update 1.97 "Viking Fury" as a reward for the "Space Race" event. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Kfz. They were seen on nearly every front, from the Mediterranean to Russia, North Africa and most of Europe. 233. Later, they saw use in both the USSR and North Africa campaigns. 234 broadly resembles the appearance of Sd.Kfz. It was consequently dropped after June 1940 and phased out, joining various driver training schools. sd.kfz 231 8-Rad 10-25-2020, 01:03 PM always had a soft spot for german armoured cars, here my interpretation of an early eight wheeled hermann goering division car Tactically, they were fast enough to keep the pace of well-advanced reconnaissance columns and provided efficient and fast artillery support when and where it was most needed. The tactical role of these machines was to provide additional firepower, a squadron of these being attached to each motorized recce unit (Aufklärung Kompanie) attached to the Panzerdivisions. The official name was schwerer Panzerspähwagen (Fu) Sd. Production stopped by September 1943, but by then they were upgraded with a more discrete and compact pole wire aerial antenna. Besides this, these machines remained globally unchanged and formed the bulk of of any reconnaissance unit attached to each Panzer Division in terms of firepower. In fact, when it was first produced in 1937, this was the most advanced armored car in the world. Sd. at World War II vehicles, German armoured fighting vehicles of World War II, German armored fighting vehicle production during World War II, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwerer_Panzerspähwagen&oldid=995582580, World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Germany, Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s, Military vehicles introduced in 1940–1944, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 4 (commander, gunner, driver, secondary driver), This page was last edited on 21 December 2020, at 21:01. The Sd.Kfz. Sd. Their primary role was reconnaissance, but they would engage similar or light units and at times attempt to capture enemy patrols. Compre online Autoblindo: BA-64, M8 Greyhound, Marmon-Herrington Armoured Car, Sd.Kfz. This allowed better visibility and control for the driver, better protection for the engine in a roomier, fully separate compartment, and more fuel was carried. This cannon was based on the 20 mm FlaK 30 anti-aircraft gun, and was capable of firing at a cyclic rate of 280 rounds per minute. The second version to enter production, built from July 1944 to the end of war. 231 8 rad, de Fonte: Wikipedia na Amazon. Condition: New product. 231 Wehrmacht Heer (German Army 1935-1945) WH-35640 German grey; WH-34554 As the cross-country performance of the 6-wheeled armoured cars was deemed insufficient, the Heer Ordnance departmant (WaPrw 6) signed a contract with Büssing to develop an eight-wheel armoured car with all-wheel-drive, all-wheel-steering and two driver positions at front and rear. A new vehicle was developed instead and mass-produced from 1932 to 1935 as the Sd.Kfz.231, a six wheeled vehicle with a completely armored sloped bodywork, armed with a full revolving turret housing a 20 mm (0.79 in) QF gun coupled with a Mauser MG 13 or, later, MG 34. Series production started in December 1943 and ended in July 1944, with production switching to 234/1 and 234/3. Encontre diversos livros em Inglês e Outras Línguas com ótimos preços. The radio version (Fu) was called Sd.Kfz.232 by the Waffenamt (28 built). This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The Sd.Kfz. 232 were fitted with a 155 PS (114 kW), eight-cylinder Büssing-NAG L8V-G petrol engine, which gave a top speed of 85 km/h (53 mph) and a range of 300 km (190 mi). Extreme climatic conditions in both these areas proved too severe for the vehicle. Sd.Kfz.232 (8-rad), 5th Leichte-Division, attached to the 3rd Panzerdivision, Agedabia, Libya, April 1941. Panzerspähwagen (Sd.Kfz. is a premium gift rank I German light tank with a battle rating of 1.7 (AB/RB/SB). The 232 carried a Fu.Ger.11 SE 100 medium range and a Fu.Spr.Ger.A short range radio. 231 was based on modified Daimler-Benz, Büssing or Magirus 6x4 truck chassis. Bussing-NAG conceived the chassis, but parts and final assembly was performed by three other companies. From late 1940 Stand-off angled armour plates were mounted about 50 cm in front of the vehicles. Another variant of the 8 wheeler, but mounting a 7.5 cm PaK 40 L/46 anti-tank gun in an open compartment. 232 (8-Rad), which was produced from 1938 to 1943, was a 231 with additional medium range radio sets and a large frame aerial. Kfz. The crew consisted of a commander, gunner, driver, and a radio operator/rear driver. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Sd.Kfz. The official name was schwerer Panzerspähwagen (Fu) Sd. 234/1 was fitted with a 2 cm KwK 38 L/55 gun and coaxial 7.92 mm MG 34 or MG 42 machine gun in a rotating six-sided open-topped turret. As an anecdote, it is known that, contrary to the usual practice of the German tank crews, crews of the recce squadrons often nicknamed their vehicles and painted these on the hull, along with some personal drawings. Only 109 were built by Schichau between December 1942 and October 1943. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. They scouted ahead and to the flank of advancing mechanized units to assess enemy location, strength and intention. But this model, popular for propaganda purposes, was nevertheless too heavy for its engine and off-road capabilities were rather limited. Even later series had shortened fenders, clearing the steering guards; but also new vision ports, an armored cowl over the rear engine hatch, an extra frontal 8 mm (0.31 in) of armor, or Zusatzpanzer (usually used as an extra storage bin) and, on some late models, a large folding anti-aircraft machine gun was mounted on the left side of the hull. while sharing the same name as his predecessor of 6 wheel, it was a lot different. 1993 + Actions Stash. while been indeed a reconnaissance vehicles, the Sd.Kfz.231 prove to be unreliable and poorly performing off-road. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The official name was Schwerer Panzerspähwagen (7,5 cm) Sd. More details In Stock. Total numbers are elusive. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. The Panzefunkwagen 263 was one of the command vehicles “most wanted” by any general during the war, due to its speed and off-road agility. Sd.Kfz.232 from the LSSAH (SS reconnaissance unit), Greece, April 1941. The seats for the commander and gunner were attached to the hand traversed turret, which was of hexagonal shape for added internal space, but the armament was identical. Their superior agility also helped them to steer backwards and quickly evade superior forces if needed. Since the original armor was never intended to sustain more than small arms fire and shrapnel fragments, the platoons tried to evade clashes with other AFVs when possible. Roomier, it was especially designed at the very beginning of the 231 series as a mobile HQ for small units. —Intro. The Sd.Kfz. The Schwerer Panzerspähwagen (Heavy armored reconnaissance vehicle), or as known by its designation 'Sd.Kfz 232', is a German Armored vehicle in Post Scriptum. In the German Army, armoured cars were intended for the traditional cavalry missions of reconnaissance and screening. All 6-rad versions were produced from 1932 to 1937. Sd.Kfz.231 from the Panzer-Aufklärungs-Abteilung 13 (13th Panzerdivision) Dniepr sector, summer 1943. The most obvious external difference is the single-piece mudguards compared to the two-piece mudguards on the 232 series. "A maneuver without scouting is like a poker game without looking at the cards. The Sd.Kfz.231 wd 6-Rad was an amored car designed to be a reconnaissance vehicles with good mobility and endurance. Sd.Kfz. The first prototype was based on an eight-wheeled chassis, deemed to be too complicated for production -and too costly. The armoured car could be driven backwards by the radio operator in an emergency. 232 had 15 mm of slightly sloped homogeneous steel armour on the front, 8 mm on the sides, and 10 mm on the back, with 6 mm and 5 mm of armour on the top and bottom respectively. Fórum dedicado aos modelos de Militaria que se encontram na linha de montagem. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. This howitzer versio, firing HE shells, was devised in late 1942 by Büssing-Nag, after recce units of the Wehrmacht complained about the lack of self-propelled heavy support in many engagements. It's just that the tire cut-outs … The 231 was introduced into service in 1932 and began to be replaced in 1937 when the German Army switched production to 8-wheeled armoured cars instead of 6-wheeled. Lenny Bock is a Sd.Kfz.231 Metal Maiden from the nation of Bavaria. One of these was Rommel’s personal vehicle. Kfz. In each company, there was also a 232 variant equipped with a powerful long range radio. Using high explosive ammunition, the 20 mm autocannon was highly effective against infantry and unarmoured vehicles. Share Pinterest By buying this product you can collect up to 2 loyalty points. the driver and engine was switch, the 8 wheel was independent, the engine was much more powerful. Sd.Kfz.231 (8-rad), SS Aufk.Abt.3 SS PanzerDivision “Wiking”, Heeresgruppe center, early 1943.eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'tanks_encyclopedia_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_10',108,'0','0'])); The development of an armored car based on the chassis pf 6×4 truck was ordered in 1929. Sd.Kfz.231/232 Schwerer Panzerspähwagen (Sechsrad) MR Models 1:35 MRA-35125 + Actions Stash. Many publications use the name "Puma" for this vehicle, but this was neither officially used nor was it a nickname. 231 8-Rad) bei Vorbeifahrt an bulgarischen Soldaten neben einem Bach. Sd.Kfz.231 (8-rad) ťažký obrnený automobil DD.MM.1936-DD.MM.1942 The official name was Panzerfunkwagen Sd. A total of 1235 were built by the time the production stopped in late 1942. The first of the German armoured cars, the Sd.Kfz. The term Schwerer Panzerspähwagen (German: "heavy armoured reconnaissance vehicle), covers the six- and eight-wheeled armoured cars Germany used during the Second World War. This additional armour was retrofitted to older vehicles and dropped with introduction of the strengthened front armour in July 1942.[2]. The original KwK 30 was also replaced by a KwK L/55 autocannon, which had a muzzle velocity of 899 m/s. As Andrew already mentioned, you basically need a new upper hull. 231 (6 rad) Armored Car (1/35) Reference: 253. Early type Schwerer Panzerspähwagen 232 (Fug) 8-rad, reconnaissance unit attached to the 4th Panzerdivision, Invasion of Poland, Warsaw sector, September 1939. 232, Sd.Kfz. This armour was designed to provide protection from small arms fire and HE fragments; it was ineffective against heavier weapons. Deutsche Werke in Kiel were contracted to design the armoured body. The 234/3 was a SPG, and the 234/4 was a “Pak-Wagen”, accomodating a Pak 40 7.5 cm (2.95 in) 46 caliber antitank gun. This was equipped with a short barrelled (L/24) 7.5 cm KwK 37 gun and based on the open-topped superstructure of the Sd. 232 (8-Rad), which was produced from 1938 to 1943, was a 231 with additional medium range radio sets and a large frame aerial. The first prot… These vehicles, conceived by Deutsche Werke of Kiel, were produced by Schichau parallel to the early and late series. The Sonderkraftfahrzeug 234 had a brand new, redesigned hull, a reinforced monocoque chassis, reinforced, which allowed an increase in protection. At the same time, in the early 1930s, Germany and th… However, it was not designed to provide protection from anti-tank weapons. The armoured body looked somewhat similar to the 6-wheel predecessors. In the USSR, adverse ground conditions immobilized 150 Sd.Kfz 232s during the first wet season of the campaign. 233, carried the short 7.5 cm K 51 L/24 gun, in a raised open superstructure. Sd.Kfz.231 attached to the 13th Panzerdivision, in the Caucasus, November 1942. 233 6 and 8 wheeled armoured cars, used by Wehrmacht during the Second World War. 232 (8-rad). There was still a reverse driver/radio operator, but the extra pair of wheels made for a far better grip and the all-independent steering wheels gave an unprecedented level of maneuverability on all kinds of terrains. Kfz. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Kfz 231 also has an original cardboard outer box (status: used) Detalhes do lote Número de itens 2 Marca Dickie-Schuco GmbH Série Military Series Número de série 218985 en 230847 Objeto WWII Sondernkraftfahrzeug 231 e Sd.KFZ. The Sd.Kfz.231 8-Rad was a armored car from 1937. it was at his time the most complex and advance armored car in the world. [citation needed] The speed of the eight-wheeled cars made them the best scouting vehicles that Rommel had for long-range reconnaissance across the wide desert territory.[1]. The first model developed as a series, following the interim Reichswehr Kfz.13, was based on a June 1929 specification asking for an armored car especially designed for scouting operations, with a good endurance, range and off-road capabilities. This page was last edited on 26 June 2018, at 17:50. Speed, combined with surprise, could bring very efficient results thanks to the rapid-fire and devastating HE rounds of the 20 mm (0.79 in) at short range. From July 1942 they were built on the same Einheitsfahrgestell chassis and had their armour increased to 30 mm. The chassis were built by Bussing-NAG, while Deutsche Werke of Kiel made the assembly of the pre-series and first series with Schichau (at Elbing). A visual testimony that discipline was somewhat more lax in these separate, independent units. Frequently associated with the “Puma” name, which in fact was only an unofficial nickname of a sub-version, this series counted an entire array of vehicles, based on a brand new chassis, first designed in 1942. Since a heavy armored car platoon counted six vehicles, at least one of them was a radio version, which gives an estimate of 250 vehicles. [Expositor] Sd.Kfz-231-6Rad 1:35 - Scratchbuilding. Sd. Item produced in resin. series entered service during 1942 and remained in use throughout the war. Kfz. This version, like the Sd.Kfz. Moderador: Moderadores Militaria. Great success was also achieved by replacing the regular armour-piercing explosive ammunition with APCR, but this ammunition was in chronically short supply. (Still both books are invaluable if you want to build a correct Sd.Kfz.231/232/233/263 in general) Unlike shown in those books, the 4th/5th Series fenders have THE SAME overally dimensions as the (late) 1st/2nd and 3rd Series fenders. A crew of four was typical. This model was very distinctive because of the heavy "bedspring" antenna over most of the hull. From 1942, a small Sternantenne (star aerial) replaced the frame aerial, a modification retrofitted to older models. Kfz. Get all 4 Tank Encyclopedia Magazine issues for 25% off. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Projects. converting a 1st Series Sd.Kfz.231 to a 4th/5th Series Sd.Kfz.231 is quite a lot of work. Era construído a partir do chassis de um caminhão normal, mas utilizava de lagartas ao invés de rodas traseiras, o que deu a este veículo uma grande capacidade de mobilidade. The 234/1 had a 20 mm (0.79 in) autocannon, but the 234/2 (“Puma”) was equipped with a deadly 5 cm (1.97 in) KwK 39 L/60 in a brand new turret. 231(6), 232(6) & 263(6) Horst Scheibert. Sd.Kfz 231 8-rad, production series 5. Az első német páncélgépkocsi német tervek alapján. 234 Puma. This variant was produced alongside the “regular” model 231, as a command-radio heavy armored car, registered with the Waffenamt as the Sd.Kfz.232 Fu (Funkapparat) 8-rad. Other vehicles of these units included Kübelwagens and Schmimmwagens, Zündapp or BMW sidecars, Sd.Kfz.221 light armored cars and several other Schwere Panzerspähwagen. Sd.Kfz.232 (8-rad), Ausfklärungsarbeitung unit of the SS Panzergrenadier Division “Das Reich”, Kharkov sector, March 1943. In December 1944, production ended in favour of the 234/4. Tank Encyclopedia's Creator, webmaster and illustrator since 2010. During the replacement phase, the Sd.Kfz. Kfz. Kfz. Kfz. After the French campaign, additional spaced frontal armour plate was added to provide better protection. Kfz. Sd.Kfz.231 (8-rad) / 1:72 / Alemanha / Segunda Guerra Mundial / Veículos blindados / Veículos e equipamentos militares / Modelos a colar / 232 (8-Rad), which was produced from 1938 to 1943, was a 231 with additional medium-range radio sets and a large frame aerial. The original 6-Rad (six wheel) versions were based on a 6x4 truck with an armoured body, but by 1937 they were being replaced by 8-Rad versions. 231 / 233 8-rad at World War II vehicles, Summary of all Sd.Kfz. 232 (8-rad). O Sd.Kfz. Later on, a Magirus engine, slightly more powerful (70 bhp), was mounted instead. The later series included many minor changes, which included front/rear fenders extended with an angled upward kink. This version had a turret adapted from the cancelled VK 1602 Leopard mounting a 5 cm KwK 39/1 L/60, very similar to the weapon previously used on the later versions of the Panzer III. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. A sikeres próbák után a gyártást 1932-ben kezdték el. With the DAK (Deutsche Afrika Korps), they proved invaluable, fitting perfectly with Rommel’s combined arms tactic and unique vision of desert warfare. Az Sd.Kfz. This variant of the Sd.Kfz. The Sd. The turret in the 231/232 series was altered to a hexagonal shape for increased internal volume, it was equipped with a long barrelled 2 cm KwK 30 L/55 autocannon and a coaxial 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun. This was basically a model 232 with a modified “bedstead” antenna, with the turret replaced by a fixed, large superstructure housing a single MG 13 or, later, MG 34 machine-gun. [citation needed]. The Sd. 231 Wheels (1/35) Reference: 265. It has 8 wheels instead of tracks, making it extremely mobile on pavement and around cities but it is very hard to … Sd-Kfz-231 / Loja de modelismo – Modelismo – Super-Hobby.com – Artigos de modelismo, modelos a colar, modelos de plástico, ferramentas e química para modelos, literatura We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. (7,5 cm) Sd.Kfz.234/3 is a premium rank I German tank destroyer with a battle rating of 1.7 (AB/RB/SB). Condition: New product. The same success story unfolded during the early part of the offensive in Russia, especially in the Ukrainian steppes during the spring/summer 1942 advance.