b. his favoritism to the Portuguese courtiers in his court. Sure, they stole it. Defeat led to the fall of the military regime and the reestablishment of democratic rule, which has since endured despite various economic crises. In the northern Pampas, Lake Mar Chiquita, the largest lake in Argentina, receives the waters of the Dulce, Primero, and Segundo rivers but has no outlet. Taken from wikipedia.org, Pedro de Mendoza, (n.d.), March 9, 2018. Italian settlements in Argentina, along with Spanish settlements, formed the backbone of today's Argentine society. They spent more than three decades for the inauguration of the second colony after the abandonment, in 1541, of what was the only Spanish colony. 1- Colonization in Argentina . Moments and Events in Argentina. Co-author of, Professor of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 196787; Director, State Soils Laboratory, 198187. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, large waves of European immigration to Argentina had a strong impact on the local way of speaking. Control of Argentina was also hampered in the first instance by the large number of nomadic tribes in the region. The Ro de la Plata (often called the River Plate) is actually the estuary outlet of the system formed by the confluence of the Paran and Uruguay rivers; its name, meaning River of Silver, was coined in colonial times before explorers found that there was neither a single river nor silver upstream from its mouth. He turned to scorched-earth tactics to deny the Royalists any means of resupply. In 1816 he participated in the congress of Tucumn, where the independence of his country was declared. These give way to soils ranging from rust to deep red colorations in Misiones. Between 1857 and 1960, 2.2 million Spanish people emigrated to Argentina, mostly from Galicia, the Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria, and Catalonia in northern Spain, while significantly smaller numbers of immigrants also arrived from Andalusia in southern Spain. Nevertheless, the city thrived and became one of the biggest cities in the Americas. Spanish explorers first landed on the shores of North America in 1492, but their exploratory trips into the interior of the American continents did not reach New Mexico for another fifty years. View more. The era of colonial Argentina from the early 16th century to the early 18th century forms a significant part of Argentinas history, intrinsically linked to the formation and conduct of the modern country, as does the early 19th-century struggle for independence. Three and a half years later, in 1516, the first Spanish expedition was sent to Argentina. The fighting was fierce, with both sides taking around 600 casualties, but the Spanish were quickly forced to surrender the city to the British invaders. Centuries after, the Americans followed in their footsteps. In terms of population, it is a sparse country, with the vast majority of the population centered around the capital, Buenos Aires, and its surroundings. For the first time, the port of Buenos Aires was opened to transatlantic trade with Spain and, through Spain, with other countries. Sols was killed by Charras, along with other sailors, and his fleet returned to Spain. At the time of the Spaniards' arrival in the sixteenth. This colonization had a profound impact on the country and its people, and in this section, we will tell you all about Argentinas history both before and after this monumental event. Because they lived far from the Spanish settlements during the colonial period. Over the course of almost 300 years from its discovery to its independence, Argentina gained worldwide recognition and became one of the Latin American economic powers of the time. It should be noted that the occupation of Argentina was not given priority when it was discovered that the region was not rich in silver or minerals in general, unlike other lands already colonized further north, such as Peru. In his spare time, he enjoys drawing and painting. Greater Buenos Aires is home to about one-third of the Argentine people. Omissions? 3. The Spanish empire controlled colonies in North America , South America , Africa, and Asia, making it one of the most diverse and far-reaching empires in history. After the colonization of Rio de la Plata, attempts were made to establish ports along the coast. Sensing that the Spanish Empire was weakening, they attacked Buenos Aires in 1806 and 1807. Francisco del Puerto was rescued by the Venetian Sebastian Cabot, and told him about myths of sources of silver in the area. Roughly 10-15% of the Argentine population are descended from Basque people, both Spanish and French, and are described as Basque Argentines. To the southeast, where the parallel to subparallel ranges become lower and form isolated, compact units trending north-south, the flat valleys between are called bolsones (basins). Only three of the regions numerous riversthe Pilcomayo, Bermejo, and Saladomanage to flow from the Andes to the Paraguay-Paran system in the east without evaporating en route and forming salt pans (salinas). In Argentina the Pampas broaden out west of the Ro de la Plata to meet the Andean forelands, blending imperceptibly to the north with the Chaco Austral and southern Mesopotamia and extending southward to the Colorado River. Despite the romantic lure of the Pampas and of vast, arid Patagonian landscapes, Argentina is a largely urban country. Greenwood, SC (29646) Today. However, the nature and magnitude of these changes were far from uniform. Buenos Aires was thus a target of value for the British Navy, who now had an excuse to try to take the colony. The Philippines is a group of islands, just off the coast of Southeast Asia. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Argentinas history can be defined in four distinct phases: the pre-Columbian era, the colonial era, the era of the struggle for independence, and the modern era. In spite of the attempts of the Crown to appease the viceroyalty cities, it did not take long for revolutions to take place caused by the criollos, who established governing boards in the region. Colonial centres Politically, Argentina was a divided and subordinate part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1776, but three of its cities San Miguel de Tucumn, Crdoba, and Buenos Aires successively achieved a kind of leadership in the area and thereby sowed the regional seeds that later grew into an Argentine national identity. PDF. Timeline showing some of the major events and the earliest European colonies in North America. During the arrival of the first explorers from Spain, commanded by Juan Daz de Sols, the Charra tribe faced the navigators and murdered several of them. Another report gives net migration data as follows: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The regions largest rivers follow a veritable maze of courses during flood season, however. Throughout the entire period of Spanish occupation in what later became Argentina, there were three main towns that developed unique characteristics of internal leadership and considerable economic strength: One of these cities was San Miguel de Tucumn, whose leadership lasted almost 150 years: from the middle stage of the 16th century to the end of the 17th century. Small, sporadic battles happened along the border until December 1824, when the Army of the Andes finally crushed the Royalists at the Battle of Ayacucho and ended the threat to Argentinian and Chilean independence once and for all. In 2013, there were 92,453 Spanish citizens born in Spain living in Argentina and another 288,494 Spanish citizens born in Argentina.[2]. The Spanish-American War began in 1898 after the USS Maine (ACR-1), sent to Cuba in connection with an attempt to arrange a peaceful resolution between Cuban independence ambitions and Spanish colonialism, exploded and sank in Havana harbor. Spain sought to protect its colonial territory from Portuguese and British expansion. These resulted in the political destabilization of the viceroyalty of La Plata and the eventual independence of Argentina. The voyage was a complete failure: they did not get any metals, Sancti Spiritu was destroyed by the native people, and the remaining Europeans returned to Europe. It extended through all the Argentine territory and of what is now Paraguay, Bolivia and Uruguay. [4] Nevertheless, due to prior Spanish immigration occurring throughout the colonial period, around 20 million Argentines are descendants of Spanish to some degree, with the 20 most common surnames in the country being all from Spain.[5]. In the Northwest the Desaguadero River and its tributaries in the Andes Mountains water the sandy deserts of Mendoza province. b. The Spanish dreamed of mountains of gold and silver and imagined converting thousands . This, together with the economic development of the region, were the main catalysts for the independence of Argentina. There was a short exchange between Portuguese and indigenous (mainly Charras), but no European colony was established. In 1613 the University of Crdoba was also established, which made the city one of the main intellectual centers of the region. Today, Bolivia and Peru have large Native American populations. Quiz. In 1811, the Spanish Royalists suffered setbacks too, suffering defeat at Las Piedras, being defeated by the Uruguayan Revolutionaries. It led European exploration of the new world, building the large Viceroyaties in the New World at the time. But both organizations collapsed in that year, and Buenos Aires seemed to be losing its position as the seat of national government. The conquest of Argentina was, despite the presence of regional tribes, quite peaceful by the standards of the time. In this comprehensive history, updated to include the climactic events of the five years since the Falklands War, Professor Rock documents the early colonial history of Argentina, pointing to the colonial forms established during the Spanish conquest as the source for Argentina's continued reliance on foreign commercial and investment partnerships. He comes from South Africa and holds a BA from the University of Cape Town. In Argentina the independence movement began in 180607, when British attacks on Buenos Aires were repelled in the two battles known as the Reconquista and the Defensa. A century later, an independent Argentina would clear Patagonia of native settlements, but the region would remain sparsely inhabited till the present day. Attempts at cultural cooperation face a number of obstacles, the most significant of which are two. The name itself is derived from the word "silver" because the. In Argentina the principal river of this system is the Paran, formed by the confluence of the Paraguay and Alto Paran rivers. Among the countrys other major cities are Mar del Plata, La Plata, and Baha Blanca on the Atlantic coast and Rosario, San Miguel de Tucumn, Crdoba, and Neuqun in the interior. It has led to more stable economies. Garay was one of the main emissaries of the Spanish Crown in the viceroyalty of Peru, being governor of what is now Paraguay. EQUATORIAL GUINEA 3. The Spanish invasion and colonization of Andean South America left millions dead, landscapes transformed, and traditional ways of life annihilated. The conservative restoration and the Concordancia, 193043, Attempts to restore constitutionalism, 195566, Which Country Is Larger By Population? When the viceroyalty of La Plata was established in 1776, the society of what would be Argentina already had a high understanding of the power of the region and the criollo forces soon began to start revolutions to destabilize Spanish control. From these works stands out the diversity of development experiences across and even within formerly colonized countries depending on the conditions encountered by colonizers, the latter's identity, or the length of colonization, to name a few. There was a general retreat of all the tribes in the area (including the nomads) and even some were unified with the Mapuche to try to retake the lost lands. After the Spanish conquest of the Incas, governorates were established across the continent. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 600.000: Puerto Rico and Cuba. As such, much of the history of Argentina has centered around Buenos Aires too. Taken from wikipedia.org, Juan de Garay, (n.d.), March 6, 2018. At that time, the Creoles and Europeans with more purchasing power began to buy land from the Spanish Crown, where they inaugurated a large number of farms throughout the entire Argentine territory. Argentina, 1516-1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alphonsn. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Taken from nationsonline.org, BBC Argentina Country Profile, (n.d.), May 29, 2012. Indeed, the 20 most common surnames in Argentina are Spanish. Also important there, as elsewhere in Spanish America, were the ramifications of Napoleon Is intervention in Spain, beginning in 1808, which plunged that country into a civil war between two rival governmentsone set up by Napoleon, who placed his own brother Joseph Bonaparte on the throne, and the other created by patriotic juntas in Spain in the name of the exiled Ferdinand VII and aided by the British. We use cookies to provide our online service. Here is the rich and complex story of modern Argentina, from Spanish colonization to independence from Spain.