Congo, Gabon) between 2500 BC and 1200 BC.[18]. [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. Murdock, G. P., Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History (New York), 2901.Google Scholar, 10 Greenberg, J. H., Studies in African Linguistic Classification (New Haven, 1955), 40.Google Scholar, 12 Guthrie, Malcolm, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages, Journal of African History, III (1962), 27382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. Total loading time: 0 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. Like hes a supposedly a historian but I see no mention of him going to a university. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. There Shaka revealed something much more than a simple talent for war, something, in fact, akin to genius. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. It was one of Africa's oldest iron-smelting centres. Prior to the arrival of Bantus in Southeast Africa, Cushitic-speaking peoples had migrated into the region from the Ethiopian Highlands and other more northerly areas. Again, you do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. The majority of sub-Saharan Africans speak one or more Bantu languages and modern African states are heavily affected by their Bantu-migrant predecessors. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. The primary evidence for the Bantu Expansion is linguistic: the diffusion of Bantu languages throughout the continent. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. Roberts, A. D. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. Has data issue: true The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. The hypothesized Bantu expansion pushed out or assimilated the hunter-forager proto-Khoisan, who had formerly inhabited Southern Africa. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. The large-scale expansion of fairly recent language families is one of the reasons for this comparatively low diversity. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. See below. The wider effect, however, was a cascading implosion of refugees, who displaced only to attack yet weaker groups, who in turn were displaced to do the same. That shows sexual migratory activity not genocide. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. Yet there's no evidence for both migrations. fall into the classification of genocide. The impact of the Bantu Expansion has stood the test of time it continues to influence the demographics, language, and culture of the continent today. The Mfecane. Of course not. Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. [22], Nilo-Saharan-speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants.[23][24][25]. In the East, Bantu-speakers settled around the Great Lakes region and created a new population centre supported by a resource-rich environment. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa was populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, Nilo-Saharan-speaking herders, and Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. The Bantu Expansion, the foremost linguistic, cultural, and demographic event in Late Holocene Africa, has sparked a fervent interdisciplinary debate, especially regarding its driving forces. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. Keywords: Bantu migration, Great Lakes Africa, Bantu . Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. Of course not. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. They generally lack case inflection, but grammatical gender is characteristic, with some languages having two dozen genders (noun classes). The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. The dissolute prince of a minor tribe, playing fast and loose, raped and impregnated the daughter of a neighboring tribal chieftain. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. The Hutu are almost similar to the Tutsi who are also an ethnic majority in Rwanda. Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. Armenian Deportees in 1915 Source inserbia.info. The Bantu people brought iron-smelting technology and subsistence farming to areas previously dominated by hunter-gatherers or early pastoralists. Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. Another legendary state derivative of the Bantu Expansion is the Zulu Empire. However, Simon Webb/History Debunked is a bad faith actor, he cherry picks a lot of his info and he's clearly spreading false history. and Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. Answer (1 of 3): Here we go again with the Bantu Expansion and supposed "genocide" of the Khoi-Khoi and the San of Southern Africa. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. cit. By that logic, you have to say that the Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain (Which took place in 6th century CE, about 2 centuries after the Bantu made it to what is now South Africa) was a genocide as most of the Y-DNA of the English is Anglo-Saxon not Celtic or pre-Celtic. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. The Bantu people wielded significant influence and undoubtedly dominated every area they settled in. These are huge areas. For example, one study found this to be the case in Bantu language speakers who are African Pygmies or are in Mozambique,[27] while another population genetic study found this to be the case in the Bantu language-speaking Lemba of Southern Africa. However, attempts to trace the exact route of the expansion, to correlate it with archaeological evidence and genetic evidence, have not been conclusive; thus although the expansion is widely accepted as having taken place, many aspects of it remain in doubt or are highly contested. Sutton, J. E. G. It never happened. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. For over 5,000 years the Eastern, Southeastern, and the Midwestern U.S. were populated by mound-building, Native American cultures that constructed anywhere from tens of thousands, to hundreds of thousands of earthen mounds. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. It's not white supremacist to study history. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. Bantu people were in far greater numbers and pretty much absorbed most of these groups. Possibly caused by population growth, or by conflict, a migration set off in two streams one East across central Africa, and the other South following the Congo river system. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same.