[81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. 2011;174:211. . Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. 2015;91:42634. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. 2015;148:150. 2003;41:26887. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). 2010;1347:17985. Bioelectromagnetics. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Behav Brain Res. Acta Neurol Belg. Nature. Trends Cell Biol. J Neurosci Methods. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Radiat Res. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Article PLoS One. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. 2003;80:194210. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. 2003;80:177. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. 2001;93:2037. 2013;73:4737. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Xu et al. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. 1999;9:3438. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Gold PE. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. PubMed Central 1975;148:1723. Electromagn Biol Med. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Article Neuroreport. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. World J Biol Chem. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? The authors declare that they have no competing interests. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. PLoS One. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 2000;11:4135. Bioelectromagnetics. 2016;74:99107. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Int J Radiat Biol. Bioelectromagnetics. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. 2012;62:22336. Merola et al. Neuroreport. Terms and Conditions, Mortazavi et al. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. PubMed Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. 1996;180:917. 2 Researchers have been working. Int J Epidemiol. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. J Mol Neurosci. . 2005;360:6577. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. J Environ Health Sci Eng. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. as it have a harmful side. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. radiations. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. PubMed Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. 2015;140:23646. Qiao et al. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. 2011;107:35661. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Google Scholar. Lai et al. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. 2017;52:23947. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. 2011;18:32533. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Cassel et al. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. Wang Q, Cao Z. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Pathophysiology. Sareesh et al. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Neuroreport. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Article Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. J Radiat Proc. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. However,. 2010;86:37683. 1992;6:379. 2006;165:63644. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. 2005;161:52635. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. J Clin Oncol. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone.