Of course, they have quite a bit of cash at stake depending on their performance. My 40yd time is 5.0, back in august. (Shades of Donovan Bailey and Michael Johnson circa 1997 come to mind. You might be 100 percent correct but who are you disputing? Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. Squats, plyometrics all that good fun stuff, core work, I also ran 60m, 50m, 40m, 20m and 10m x 2 twice a week. Long, Scott 4.46 I am a Masters Athlete and Coach currently based in London UK. Miller, Lonyae 4.53 You can acheive medeocre(sp?) Put any footballer on the starting line with Bolt, have them electronically timed, and then have them start when the gun goes off, so that reaction time also gets included, and I guarantee you that Bolt will bury them in the 40 yard dash. I was not in league with the greats mentioned here, but my 100m was mid-high 10s yet my grass 40y in old Riddell cleats in college football was only 4.55. At the combine, there is no reaction time in the final clocking because the stopwatches don't start until the runner does. A]Dp 4.3-4.4 is only average? are you in the weight room, these are things you should be working on now. This app is amazing it really helps me in my math class. Berry, Eric 4.47 Your assumpions are flawed. As kids develope on many different levels. Coleman, Harry 4.65 The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Dunlap, Carlos 4.71 To Marys point, football players might be known for good acceleration because that is critical to a 30-40yard carry. Speech, Debate & Theatre Directors & Judges, The Story Behind the Rapid Rise in Sports for Youth with Disabilities, Fouls and Misconduct Clarifications Headline High School Soccer Rules Changes for 2023-24, Emergency Planning, AEDs Saving Lives in Nations High Schools, BAND Named Official Team Communication App of the NFHS, Eight High School Officials Named Award Recipients by NFHS Officials Association, General Instructions for Football Game and Play Clock Operators - 2023, General Instructions for Football Line-to-Gain Crews - 2023, Converting Times: Manual to FAT and from English to Metric Distances. 2 0 obj Youre correct, Jimson. If you want to see some sample elite times for the 100 yards, Track and Field News has a nice compilation of the History of US National Championships results for the 100 yards and meters. Example: 300 Meters to 400 Meters 300 Meters time: 35.12 seconds Agreed. So do we assign Jackson a 4.36-second time and declare Johnson the combine 40 champ? So even if the combine uses electronic timing (from breaking the plane of the laser to the finish) there is about a 0.2 difference in times. Washington, Daryl 4.66 Ghee, Brandon 4.45 2. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Copyright 2023 NFHS. McCoy, Colt 4.79 Reaction, Acceleration, Transition, Maintenance this way of seeing the 100 m is, in my view, both accurate AND telling when it comes to comparing sprints of different distances. In track , its almost everything along with consistency and mental focus. Tight End Dorin Dickerson Houston 7th round speed for sure easily get to a 4.7 because your stats look like you're pretty lean and the short/explosive type. lW6_-Z0Z v ] jymN>Dy1'=63s Ego aside, how can a football player have a faster time than a sprinter? I have a quick burst in the first 1-20yds but then I can't maintain top speed. Sure, in a track race there is the difference of reaction time, but theres also the advantages of running on a surface designed for speed (mondo surface) and wearing spikes designed to maximize ones speed on that surface. 10/10=1 Officially its a .24 difference, but that is only when you have trained officials and they are standing right beside the gun. If the 4 phases are equal, then I would calculate using 9.15m splits to equal 36.6 meters. I got by my senior year without power cleaning but by all means, don't skip them, they are crucial for runs like the 40 and just getting a good start on the 100m. It seems that you are arguing with yourself about a tangential matter that youve perceived. Bless you but your and Marys irrational conclusions dont make them correct. due to the drop in top end speed. Who knows what kind of hurricane winds were assisting some of the better 40 yard times recorded. How many football/track guys with (great 40 yard times) run a good 400 meters? Roberts, Andre 4.46 Sapp, Ricky 4.70 Does anybody ever use a wind gauge when 40 yard dashes are being timed?? Reaction time for the very best is 0.12-0.18 seconds and then a bit more for movement through the laser. no real correlation like that between 100 and the 60 , ie alot happens between 60m 70m 80m 90m , strength plays a huge factor and so speed endurance is non existent over 40yards where it plays a part for the 100m sprinter, where it is an absolute must for the 400m sprinter. I do concur with Jimsons last sentence, how can a football player have a faster time than a sprinter?. The (400 meters is mostly a speed endurance race), that is why most sub (44)400 meters runners can run under 1:15 in the 600 meters. 40 Yard Dash = 04.19 100y = 09.2 110y = 10.12 40y Dash Pace = 03.68 Convert Time/Mark to Convert What event was it. ?>8>l?>~\6]CBXy oJ, It was created in 2003 by founder Jason Byrne and has largely remained untouched since then. ,+Z =aR3LV![^BRFKz&%AhfV)9K-FnAw}B B A( Fd"F}cbP<4kfy?yT#PQ(CiA2'O?tBvVm;2,Iu a%B)xTpwt){Yd+U.eZ2VKRCdI#Yd: Football fans can watch the prospects working out at the combine on the NFL Network starting on Friday. too many outside factors for the 40yard test to indicate 400 times. Are flexable? 2023 Copyright There is a huge difference between hand times( football)and electronic times (sprinters). Click here to download the free ebook of Alberto Juantorenas detailed training workouts leading up to the 1976 Montreal Olympics, August 10, 2010 by Jimson Lee 21 Comments. (I agree as well that 100m en route splits miss the potential for adjustments in training and racing.) Someone chose 40 yards as the distance a football player needs to run, just like 72 ounces (4.5 pounds or over 2 kilograms!) You have to overcome inertia, then reach top speed as fast as possible. Nut as a jr high and high school football player did not have the size or strength, and just relied on my speed and agility, which others catch up later on to. <> 3.674s (the first 30m) + 0.57s (the final 6.576m) = 4.24s 4.24s - 0.10s (the recorded "fastest" reaction time) = 4.14 second 40-yard dash While showing Jackson, Bolt and Smith can pick them up and lay them down, those mathematical gyrations don't contribute to finding an answer to who ran the fastest 40 at the NFL combine - Jackson or Johnson or, to muddy the waters more, Eastern Kentucky wide receiver Rondel Melendez, who was credited with a 4.24 40in 1999. Hello Vince, All it takes is one race to qualify for these. Sorry for the newb question but what is a FAT? But thats nothing new for them as Speed City was right down the road in San Jose. Convert 100 meter time to 40 yard dash time? So dont post something if you clearly havent done your research. That is, 100 yards is equal to 91.44 meters (making The NFL.com database on the combinestarts with the 2006 workouts. By any reasonable calculation, he should be able to run 2 (20.7) 200 meter segments, if he were fit. I believe if you read transfer of training if would be better to go just above or below to get close to the predictor of times. That contradictory statement could be true because of changes in the way the 40 is timed at the combine and changes in the combine itself. a good time in the 70 meter dash for an olympic medalist would be about . Location: Beloit, Wisconsin, United States, Location: Glenmora, Louisiana, United States, Location: Lafayette, Colorado, United States. Maybe not 9.58, but certainly 9.6X range. There is obviously a cross-over between the two sports. If not, train and you will be faster. Why is it so far fetched to think that a football player could post the same or possibly even better 40 time than a world class 100m sprinter ? How accurate is this formula? 0.45 seconds is huge! Usain is credited for the 150 meter World Record. I ended up bein an ok 60 sprinter 6.4 in college. If youre fast, youll know it. Cookie Preferences / Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Generated by 10.1.2.53 fresh in 19 milliseconds, The Great New York State Meet Preview - Indoors 2023, Eastern States Championships by Tony Morales, Ocean Breeze Elite Invitational by Steven Pisano, Section 9 State Qualifier by Todd McDonoughh, New York State Indoor Federation Meet Class Records, CHSAA Intersectional Championship by Derrick Dingle, Section 1 State Qualifier by Todd McDonough. If someone was that much faster than Ben Johnson or Usain Bolt, perhaps they should take a break from the NFL and compete at the next Olympics or World Championships. 11.17-1.17=10. Speed/acceleration/explosiveness are usually THE most important factors in football. You may think wow if he can to a 4.45 at 15-1617 what can he do later may actually slow down as they get taller bigger or just slightly faster. I think I would have to call it crap! I feel like you find a few athletes who this works for but you will find a much larger percentage that is way off. Always gave me explanation, helps me breqk down and solve problems. Two guys could have similar 200 times, but guy A finishes strong and guy B has been hanging on for the last 60 meters of the race. The question is: Was that time accurate? I still admire smaller players in college and fewer in NFL that have not only speed, quickness, agility and mental acuity but mental and physical guts to actually suceed in the sport. It's not that simple, because Johnson's 4.24 isn't a true electronic time either - the clock was started by hand. This is considered the combine's "modern" recordfor the 40. Wide Receiver Jacoby Ford Oakland 4th round Explains all the steps and why they took them. That is not to say that endurance plays no role but lets be certain about one thingworld class sprinter run absolutely as fast as they can start to finish. Jackson received a 7 grade for speed, which is the rating for "very good," and not an 8 for "outstanding," and he was timed at 4.1 seconds over the 30 yards from home to first, which, of course, involved getting out of the batter's box after hitting the ball, not exploding from a four-point stance as runners do at the combine. Privacy Policy Maybe after years of training to carry their speed down the track for 400 meters to get to their potential 400 time. If you as a coach dont believe in the 30-40 training theory then say it! Veldheer, Jared 5.09 Even if you did it with the blocks, re time it. They need to be applauded for training for and posting excellent times. Essentially, reaction time must be accounted for when calculating these times. Conner, Kavell 4.63 Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. But to hold it together when everyone else would understand if you fell apart, that's true strength.. Thus, to calculate a true 40 yard dash potential: You can mix and match the distances and phases around to add up to 40 yards. The 40-yard sprints at the combine have had semi-electronic timing since 1999. What event was it. )"@HI)2)~E"&s]brHeG%!D9 "EHtNRz~Eeu'Ue8ZhA$5'F0a7iAeHY+P$/OgR ), Novice 100m runners and female sprinters will reach their top speed sooner, so more of their race will be speed endurance (NOTE to Coaches worry less about their reaction time and starting blocks, and focus on acceleration and speed endurance. What is a good time in the 70 meter dash? As track and field athletes know, there is a big difference in using electronic time versus hand held timing. After reading the comments, I double checked the reference and I think they made a mistake. Subtract 0.24 from FAT to HT, and you are looking at 8.6 or 8.7 hand time. Lift for strength and explosivness. Convert 100 Meters to Feet 100.04, 328.22 100.05, 328.25 100.06, 328.28 100.07, 328.31. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. 40 Yard Dash, Featured Story, Track & Field, Witty 100 meters, speed, speed endurance, Usain Bolt. Also, a sprinter such as Usain Bolt, the comparison runner of choice these days, still will be accelerating 20 yards past the 40-yard mark in a 100-meter dash. it is widely used by the running community due to its ease of use and accuracy. How far is 100 meters in yards? Standardized Track Event Conversion Factors . So, Olympic runner Justin Gatlin's 4.42 forty-yard dash split. YouTubes privacy policy is available here and YouTubes terms of service is available here. That is just another conjectural, theoretical model that is CRAP! You say you cant extrapulate a forty from a spit time and even if you could it isnt an accurate reflection of their potential 40 because the dont train for the forty. For the football 40, the runner gets to start the time. We are currently trying to determine how we can improve between 40M and 80M. 880-yard medley to 800-meter medley relay subtract .5 sec. But the combine started in 1982. Plus you have to figure out how to train that particular athlete. I looked up a few people with times for both and it seems reasonably close. McCourty, Devin 4.48 Time/Mark to Convert. It seems these numbers are very fast for 40 yard dash. Chaney, Jamar 4.54 You're just getting developed, someone here may have more knowledge on this than me but when I was 14 a 5.5 was my 40 and I didn't run track or even care about running until junior year, I didn't even start squatting until my sophomore-junior summer because I didn't have the equipment. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xbs-aWxyLk, IFAC 2022: The Return of In-Person Conferences (with Virtual option), Here is our 400m Discussion Recording over 2 Hours Long, The Best Free Coaching Book post Beijing 2022 Olympics, The Ultimate 400m Track Webinar for Coaches & Athletes, NACAC Athletics Coaching Science Series 2022, Top Six 400m Predictor Workouts (Number 4 is my Favourite), Why Karsten Warholms 45.94 400mH WR is my Highlight of 2021, Sprinting: 10 Research Articles for Effective Sprint Training [Part 23], Pressure in Sports Reflections from Tokyo 2020 Olympics, For Male athletes = (Time for 40 yards 10) + 2 seconds, For Female athletes = (Time for 40 yards 10) + 4 seconds. It's very good. Check out some threads by jhawk and its some other guy that has a long thread and is very knowledgable fullback7 read stuff he has on here its all very helpfulit helped me out. But bottom line is guys like Carl and Donovan are still running 100% between 0 and 40m. Yea it was electronic but i feel i need to be in the 47s or 48s as a junior do you have any tips or strategies for me to get there? Im not sure where you are going with your statements. 1 0 obj FloSports, Inc. MileSplit United States Editor: LeFevour, Dan 4.66 120 yard HH to 110-meter HH time is the same . During the 1986 combine at the Superdome in New Orleans, Auburn running back Bo Jackson recorded a 4.12-second 40, a feat so extraordinary it's become part of Jackson's legend, a subject for conjecture, speculation and comparison, so much so that current combine stories qualify references to the 4.12 with words such as "reportedly," attribute the time to "rumor," or describe it as an "urban legend.". The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. U;I^*piKb%;L(U:e:O8XX&R. P.S. 110y = 10.12. Teams that drafted the player with the best time by position in this years NFL draft: Quarterback Jarrett Brown San Francsicso not drafted but signed Then walk in normal mode and count the number of steps done. convert these earlier performances. In 1986, when Jackson ran his combine 40, Calvin Smith was the world's fastest human, and his world-record 100-meter time of 9.93 seconds would be 3.63 seconds when reduced to 40 yards. Renaldo Nehemiah is a name that comes to mind as I think of speed and playing football in the Bay Area. Plus they probably focus more on the latter part of the distance (70m+) in their training. 100m sprinters are often fastest at just that distance 100 meters, not 40 yards. I meant I was timed 4.6 in8th grade not 4.8 = but probably was most likely only 4.7-4.8. Keep it up I am looking forward to see new features being added. Its interesting but probably only useful for athletes who have the desire, mental toughness and desire to run the 400 in the first place, which greatly reduces its value as a 400m time predictor. Learn proper running form it helps a lot!! The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. Lots of speed this year for the Bay Area. The 49ers also grabbed 2. Skelton, John 4.85 English distances for field events should always be expressed as feet. Running a 100 yard dash in 12.1 is equivalent to https://speedendurance.com/2010/10/10/the-soccer-football-30-meter-sprint-test/. ", Bo Jackson winning 100-meter race at track meet in Florida. Jackson, Kareem 4.48 NOTE: This procedure is suggested for seeding purposes ONLY, and should not be considered accurate for converting records from English to metric, or vice-versa. For example, take Most of the great 40y times that you hear about in football are hand times. Just like 100m specialize in 100 meters, NFL players specialize in 40 yards or less. Probably add .15 to.25 to times. Thanks for taking my email and turning it into this article. Ok everybody lets get this straight first of all. It wouldnt do me any good to give you any tips because when you start training with your coach, he is probably going to do something totally different and that will cause confusion between you and him. Do you think the Canadian Football League has ever approached him or any of the other Jamaican sprinters? The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. I was great even at an early age at the first 10-20 yards but lack body/muscle mass at longer distances to keep accelerating and maibtain speed. mile run to 1600-meter run subtract 1.6 sec. Comparing a 40 yard dash and a 100 meter sprint is a moot point, but its fun to dissect and analyze. 3 downs are hard to sell? if so,what school.What was your best 100 meter time? As for potential in the long run is truely anyones guess. 10.06 for 100m converts to 40 Yard Dash = 04.19. Clear up math Experts will give you an answer in real-time Solve math equation Get support from expert teachers 10.00 1.00 ~ 11 . But what would happen if they trained seriously for the event and reached their top speed earlier? Formula to convert forty yard times to miles per hour mph = 3600 / (4.50 * 44) Substitute in your forty yard dash time in seconds mph = 3600 / 198 Calculate the brackets to get the number of seconds it would take to run a mile mph = 18.18 Divide the number of seconds in an hour, 3600, by your time per mile, 198. o'KS@1 LX[Nn1hetZ0SIN`*`M`_e0&&2hAa1cu *BuB1;]KX[P>+^ZqhAha*;-A] DY'g+]^~Kn-(](E DHvE2RPt@(L(I M^h=Gnd$$Fp e(+H}Z\yTVPt0w]t2LVQ'9*Q}R0SWB*`s:g%!$}a )ZlXX|g: The table below lists the yard conversion factors for each race. While simple, Convert. That you cannot measure with a stop watch or electronics. When I was in HS, College and now in the Masters ranks, I seem to benefit from focusing on my long sprint endurance first and the doing the short stuff. 100m to 40 yard dash converter - An 11.5 100m dash does not equate to a 4.4. too much on trying to convert to a 40 time rather than on finding top speed. There is a HUGE difference when you start to dissect these numbers down to the tenths and hundredths of seconds because of this difference. I believe he was the first to break the 6 second barrier in the 60 yard dash. Edds, A.J. Thank you so much to the developers and everyone else involved, Ive always struggled with factorsing and negative exponents and this app uses the exact same methods we were taught. Of course, a slower 100 yard dash time would require a larger extrapolation (0.9?) Brooks, Dorian 5.16 Someone smarter than me did it. If you want to improve your academic performance, try studying with a friend. Quarterbacks in yards into its equivalent distance in meters. There's no doubt Jackson was fast. Since the time You talk as if you know everything, but Im willing to bet you havent produce anything. 3 0 obj Lewis, Thaddeus 4.84 Always round up the last digit of the final time. Since you're only 14 and just gettin testosterone in adequate amounts man its kinda hard to say + i'm no expert. And there are other adjustments possible to increase your short sprint time at a cost to final velocity or maintenance. I can't take credit for the formula. To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. How long is 100 meters? However, you should get props for thinking critically. Time/Mark to Convert What event was it --Meters-- 55m 60m 100m 200m 300m 400m 500m 600m 800m 1000m 1500m 1600m 1000m 3000m 3200m 5000m 6000m 8000m 10000m --Miles-- 1 Mile 1.1 Miles 2 Miles 3 Miles 3.1 Miles 5 Miles --Yards-- 40 Yards 55 Yards 60 Yards 100 Yards 110 Yards 120 Yards 220 Yards 300 Yards 330 Yards 440 Yards 880 Yards --Field Events . Calculating the yard conversion factor Take Jesse Owens old bunch/kangaroo start you get out of the blocks a bit faster with slighter better turnover but you never hit your optimal stride pattern thats an obvious and simple way to hit the 40y faster but hurt the 100m finish time. If you need to estimate measurements quickly when you are out and about, download the Moasure App. Maybe, even though it isn't the fastest 40 time recorded at the combine. So while it would be a good predictor for a 400m specialist as far as top potential, I think its rather limited for sprinters in general. What does an 11.3 100 meter time translate into for 40 yard? A hand-timed 40y starting the watch on the first movement of the athlete is going to be about 0.16+0.29=0.45 seconds faster than an electronically timed start in a formal track race. But again speed is nice but not everything in football. 880-yard relay to 4x200-meter relay subtract .5 sec. Harbor, Clay 4.69 "My favorite sport was track and field," Jackson toldan interviewer, "because I was always competing against someone on an individual basis, but I found out down the road that the pay scale was not that of football and baseball. My other projects include the Bud Winter Foundation, writer for the IAAF New Studies in Athletics Journal (NSA) and a member of the Track & Field Writers of America. PS I ran the 60 in indoor track. Football players posting sub 4 sec 40m? Whats your 1 rep max for the bench press, cling, and squat. Rivals.com put together this chart a few years back, it's not a bad estimator. Ben Johnsons 9.79 could easily have been under 9.70 if he ran through with todays track. 100 m to yd conversion. stream Let me try again. I would have to agree with the first comment as this just does not seem to add up. Privacy Policy And while I agree that the higher ones max velocity, the longer the acceleration phase as a rule, I must disagree that one cannot alter the acceleration phase. At last I want to say that I am in love with this app :-). The CFL in its current form has been around since the 1950s! Running a 100 yard dash in 12.1 is equivalent to running a 100 meter dash in 13.2. Smith, Shelley 5.11 In the second instance, the 400 meter race has a large component of fitness (stamina). If you dont believe it just ask him. To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. two-mile run to 3200-meter run subtract 3.4 sec. Its saying a 4.6 40 yard dash has the POTENTIAL of running 48 seconds for 400 meters based on raw speed. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. Whether you are talking about 2 yards, 5 yards, 10 yards, 40 yards or even 60 yards, EVERY position on the field relies on speed/quickness HEAVILY and 99% of the time 40 yard and less speed is MUCH more important than 100 meter speed, so that is what they train for and they train their asses off lol. <>/OutputIntents[<>] /Metadata 622 0 R>> It came out as follows. Of course, the 55 meters was almost certainly electronically timed and run in track, and not combine, conditions. One of the quickest and oldest 40 yard dash predictor for 400 meter talent (or any sprinting distance) is running a 40 yard dash. Terms of Use it is widely used by the running community due to its ease of use and accuracy. The answer could vary a huge amount depending on who runs it. We did absolutely no endurance work, no strength work, no work at all. (Wil McIntyre, SI) pic.twitter.com/ZD8e3jq7DJ. +tU8e$-O%tU8-5,&)piC*GXu!+,{&4AeNsSD9V@pZ1ZMR0)_KpZf@p/8E86D8;NSE$,2G7NNS`$X:N \^=vd$Fpe(-H/Vu8myr:m?K}X;VU,*KFS9VuU,e 40y Dash Pace = 03.68. 100m sprinters train for just that 100 meters, not 40 yards. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. Their results in the various drills will be available almost instantaneously on NFL.com. You guys are acting like professional football players are just a bunch of muscleheads/entertainers playing a game and that they dont focus on speed like sprinters do when the exact opposite is true. Periodend of story. My other projects include the Bud Winter Foundation, writer for the IAAF New Studies in Athletics Journal (NSA) and a member of the Track & Field Writers of America. Everyone is entitled to their own opinion. Some people reach their top speed quickly, some don't. His 40 time could be 5 seconds for the first 40 yards, or it could be 4.3 (or less) for another section of 40 yards somewhere in between. But without the stamina (and to some degree youre born with that potential wise), and the raw drive and toughness you still wont run well. They have the exact same table for both 30 meters AND 40 yard dash (~37 meters) test. Linebacker Jamar Chaney Philadelphia 7th round 9x+2y=39 6x+13y=9""". Based on these results, in theory, you could extrapolate your 100 yard dash time by adding 0.8 seconds if you were an elite sprinter. Not saying sprinters dont make good money, to be honest Im not sure what they make on average, but Im pretty sure they arent bringing in the cash that top football players bring in. So, if you have a 10 second 100-yard dash, you are going about 20.5 mph. The conversion calculator has been around MileSplit longer than almost any other remaining feature on the site! I made my point 3 different was and still failed to be clear. I would like to theorize though that if we had an event for 40 yard dash, that maybe indeed Husain Bolt and other world class 100m sprinters mau not end up the fastest at the 50 , just as most 200m and 400m world class sprinters are not the fastest 100m sprinters. I would submit to you world class sprinter train not only for 40 yards (or rather probably 40 meters) but also 10, 20, 60, and 80 meters.