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", "Hepatitis C, or HCV, has a high rate of chronic infection with an estimated _________ cases in the United States.". *Anything that the immune system recognizes as foreign to the body is called an antigen. Protozoa adhere to target cells through complex mechanisms and can cause cellular damage through release of cytopathic substances. 100% (2 ratings) 8) e) Mannose-binding lectin because this protein plays a very crucial role in the activation of the complementation pathway called the lectin pathway. Virulence factors contribute to a pathogens ability to cause disease. Antigenic __________ is the result of reassortment of genes responsible for the production of influenza virus spike proteins between different virus particles while in the same host, whereas antigenic __________ is the result of point mutations in the spike proteins. IgA, IgM become plasma cells. *Cytokines regulate white blood cell formation so they are being investigated as a possible treatment for AIDS. A. degrade antibodies *The correct order is: antigen binds to BCR; B cell activated; B cell divides; plasma cells form. endobj they are lost as we age. Organisms that carry and pass on the pathogen without getting the disease, some types of escherichia coli are normal flora of the, the most important way to stop the spread of infection is through. Which of the following is a pathogen that could not be identified by the original Koch's postulates? Two types of toxins are hemolysins and leukocidins. Treating all human materials as if to be infected with bloodborne pathogens is called. True It is composed mostly of protein, has high toxicity, and is not heat stable. heat sebaceous secretions (b) Would the toxin be able to cause diarrhea? We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Show explicitly that the difference between adjacent energy levels in an infinite square well becomes arbitrarily small compared with the energy of the upper level, in the limit of large quantum number nnn. They are both forms of neutral immunity. 35. The final temperature of the system is 100^\circC. Cilia, fimbriae, and pili are all examples of structures used by microbes for __________. The body can only be exposed to a pathogen a second time if you do not have a vaccine. Tuberculosis, rheumatic fever Or is it also valid to say that the Sun goes around the Earth? Julio wants to cook chicken and bake a pie made with eggs and milk for his roommates. Which of the following is not a bloodborne pathogen? antioxidant Based on these characteristics, how would you classify this toxin? pneumonia 33. period of illness = the time at which the signs and symptoms of disease are most obvious and severe. Section: 07.05, An allergic response is an over reaction of the immune system. Section: 07.05, Histamine, released during inflammation, is associated with which defense mechanism? *The acquired defense system will also recognize cancer cells with abnormal membrane proteins and destroy them. Infectious diseases can be spread by any of the following ways except: The following is not a defense mechanism for infectious disease: The organism that attaches itself to healthy cells is called a/an: The virus that causes __________ also causes itchy, red bumps. involves chemical barriers to entry. is composed of normal flora. They are not as easily treated compared with those involving free-floating (or planktonic) bacteria. What is the minimum number of mirrors needed for this task? Bloodborne pathogens are: -Viruses and bacteria -micro-organisms -Carried in the blood -Transmitted by other potentially infectious materials Which of the following is NOT considered a bloodborne pathogen? A difference between an acute disease and chronic disease is that chronic diseases have an extended period of __________. Cytokines are being investigated for a possible treatment of which disease? Likewise, hand washing does not eliminate the need for the use of gloves. Which of the following is an example of a noncommunicable infectious disease? Calculate the outside air temperature. Needlesticks and other sharps-related injuries may expose workers to bloodborne pathogens. *The antigen first binds to the B-cell receptor (BCR) to activate antibody-mediated immunity. D. degrade cell membranes to allow pathogens to escape phagosomes, 13. In what position would you place a client in suspected hypovolemic shock? You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. 1. Infect healthy rats with the pathogen (i.e., the wild-type strain) and observe signs of disease (phenotype).Identify the gene that is responsible for the production of the fimbriae. C Fungus Section: 07.02. Bloodborne Pathogens are microorganisms in blood that may cause disease in humans. They are both forms of an immune deficiency. The risk of HIV/AIDS transmission from a needle stick is approximately _____ percent. Try it now. If all the words in a sentence are correct, write C after the sentence. What is the similarity between mitosis and meiosis? Section: 07.05, Cytokines are signaling molecules produced by T lymphocytes. A. hemolysin In an employer's exposure control plan, s/he is required to include a category called 'exposure determination'. When the immune system fails to recognize its own body tissue and begins to attack it, it is known as what? A(n) __________ infection is a small region of infection from which a pathogen may move to another part of the body to establish a second infection. A biological or physical vehicle that carries an agent to a host describes a what? Identify the similarities and differences between a lake and a stream. It is important to understand and follow your employer's policies regarding bloodborne pathogens. Imagine that a mutation in the gene encoding the cholera toxin was made. A very hot 300 g copper cylinder is dropped into the water, causing the water to boil, with 5.00 g being converted to steam. -Safe injection practices, "The use of ""safer"" medical eqipment such as self-capping needles or self-sheathing scalples would be part of what aspect of an Exposure Plan?". True general *Allergic responses are hypersensitivities (greater sensitivities). (b) Period of illness = pathogen is multiplying and reaches it maximum All of the following diseases are primarily spread by animals or insects except? A Mononucleosis thymus and bone marrow They phagocytize any pathogenic bacteria that attempt to infect. Some fungi produce toxins and exoenzymes involved in disease production and capsules that provide protection of phagocytosis. *IgE antibody levels rise in an parasite infection and would therefore be higher than normal. IgM C Viruses they act indiscriminately against all pathogens. helps other immune responses. Bloodborne Pathogens Answer Key 1. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 816.96] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 7zP$>O Zcm62b* . ten percent bleach used as a cleaning agent should be made fresh every the continous links in the chain of infection in order, source, means if transmission, and susceptible host. *In active immunity the individual produces antibodies against particular pathogens and in passive immunity the individual is given specific antibodies against a pathogen. IgG Which pathogen needs a host cell to reproduce? IgE antibodies are responsible for the immediate allergic response and protection against parasitic worms. True or False: Breast milk is considered a possible transmission source of bloodborne pathogens. Candida can invade tissue by producing the exoenzymes __________ and __________. Which of the following are most likely to be pathogens a Macroparasites b. EKG, MHC Approximately how many people are affected by nosocomial infections each year in the United States? active, neutral B Fungi pa help po sagutan 10 words lang po ok na po thanks po Cilia, fimbriae, and pili are all examples of structures used by microbes for __________. Signs of a disease are objective and are measured. a type of sking infection spread by direct skin-to-skin contact is what? 31. IgE they act indiscriminately against all pathogens. Diseases can either be noninfectious (due to genetics and environment) or infectious (due to pathogens). Needlesticks and other sharps-related injuries may expose workers to bloodborne pathogens. Exoenzymes are classified according to the macromolecule they target and exotoxins are classified based on their mechanism of action. sAR@`c&bChM=U,:n^W#*@'P|P\(Fdhv '?t2.qzM57r%e %KO%Li'[Tqo\,j6m Endotoxin is the lipid A component of the LPS of the gram-negative cell envelope. CINO2CINO_2CINO2 (NNN is the central atom), a harmful condition that is spread from one living thing to another. Section: 07.05, All autoimmune diseases are caused strictly by environmental factors such as viral infections. antiviral drugs can completely eradicate viral infections. a. *:Q ]+]lroYQ-Q$2B&qQ1pLOQ;tg# . Phospholipases are enzymes that do which of the following? It is one of the most common bacterial causes of diarrhea and the most common cause of foodborne-related hospitalizations and deaths. A . Microorganisms that do not cause disease. True 4. active, passive *IgM antibodies activate the complement and clump cells. Imagine that a mutation in the gene encoding the cholera toxin was made. A microbiologist has identified a new gram-negative pathogen that causes liver disease in rats. ____ 1. )IAjBhX3d_FXLM5[7w ;crmYzw=4+7+ts37m?FW`4Tm*;`BGAQx ."VE1 This category is best described by which of the following? They release histamine which causes blood vessels to become permeable. Does the Earth really go around the Sun? -Protective Equipment It is characterized by redness, swelling, and pain. Blood splash to the nose Needle stick Through the air Blood exposure to skin that is chapped or abraded 7, Which of the following is the appropriate place to dispose of glass pieces from broken slides or ampules? If you have a __________, you literally have a plant living on your body. False 2. B Mumps and measles Patients who are at risk due to surgical incisions, weakened immune systems due to pre-existing conditions or medical treatments could use those sinks, transfer the pathogen to their bodies and develop an infection or disease. cytokines. Which of the following are small cell masses where protective cells are stored? complement P. aeruginosa usually causes localized ear and eye infections but can cause pneumonia or septicemia in vulnerable individuals like newborn babies. In July 2015, a report was released indicating the gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found on hospital sinks 10 years after the initial outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. An infection that was not found to be present prior to hospital admission. Acupuncture is a form of alternative medicine that is used for pain relief. 1. Hypersensitivity to a substance in one's diet or environment is called what? Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Introduction to Sports Medicine and Athletic Training, April Lynch, Jerome Kotecki, Karen Vail-Smith, Laura Bonazzoli, Janet L. Hopson, Rebecca J. Donatelle, Tanya R. Littrell. The length of each rod is about the same: assume 55cm55 \mathrm{~cm}55cm. 6. hay fever neutral, active, active, passive pathogens are one of the major sources of environmental risks. Two periods of acute disease are the periods of illness and period of decline. In July 2015, a report1 was released indicating the gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found on hospital sinks 10 years after the initial outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. Section: 07.05, Which class of antibodies plays a role in activating the complement and clumping cells? Section: 07.03, Which of the following is in the correct order in the formation of antibodies? *The inflammatory response occurs after the pathogen has entered the body. Certain complement proteins kill foreign microbes by the purpose of a protective environment for highly immunosuppressed patient is prevent transmission of infection to patient, Molecular and Cellular Radiation Biology: Cha, Radiation Protection Radiation Monitoring, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. A(n) __________ infection is a small region of infection from which a pathogen may move to another part of the body to establish a second infection. Which of the following would be a sign of an infection? (proficiency; vagrancy). steroid 10. Section: 07.01. Infect healthy rats with the complemented strain and see if the severity of disease is comparable to when rats are infected with the wild type pathogen. Describe the motion of air particles inside an inflated balloon. This should be quickly treated with -Hand washing T cells can recognize antigens because they neutrophils a. pathogens She suspects that the bacterium's fimbriae are a virulence factor. He has a fever of 38 C (100.4 F) and complains of nausea and a constant migraine. anything the immune system recognizes as foreign to the body All of the following groups are among the most vulnerable to infectious illnesses except? The human leg can be compared to a physical pendulum, with a "natural" swinging period at which walking is easiest. On encountering the pathogen, B-cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies into our blood. rheumatic fever Which of the following best describes the innate nonspecific immune system? Some infections cause disease, which is any deviation from the normal function or structure of the host. The larval form of Schistosoma mansoni uses a __________ to help it gain entry through intact skin. True cell-mediated Bacteria in a biofilm are coated in EPS and, therefore, are not easily treated with antibiotics. The four main functions of inflammation are to protect the body from further damage, remove damaged tissue, repair tissue damage, and prevent the spread of infection. Which of the following applies to hyaluronidase? plasma cell Number if studies suggest that these elevated concentrations can be traced back to emissions from rockets. Organisms that lack chlorophyll and consist of reproductive spores and threadlike fibers represent what? Who is not at high risk for contracting MRSA? An infection is an invasion by pathogens that reproduce, multiply, and cause disease. B. leprosy-is a Mycobacterium leprae (a slow growing bacteria) #CarryOnLearning. *(e) gel permeation. D Strep throat and pneumonia, __________ are single celled organisms. rheumatoid arthritis which of the following would not be considered a pathogen? which of the following is a pathogen, risk is often presented as _____, which is a measure of the statistical likelihood that something will occur, generally speaking, as economic development occurs, the risk of exposure to indoor air pollution _____, and the impact . Through a drop of infected blood on healthy skin. B Chicken Pox red blood cells, macrophages What does this evidence tell you about this chemical? Eleanor Noss Whitney, Ellie Whitney, Frances Sizer, DIET200 Chapter 4: Digestion and Absorption. Which of the following is defined as a plant or animal so small it can only be seen with a microscope? False, False inactivating their ribosomes. Infected blood or OPIM may be transmitted through which of the following means? A Bacteria Explain how helminths evade the immune system. A person steps on a rusty nail and develops tetanus. a. OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Quiz 1: Microorganisms & the Chain of Infection Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. *People with allergies produce ten times more IgE than those people without allergies. Which of the following is not required as part of an organization's exposure control plan? they work very, very quickly. thyroid and tonsils It is produced by a gram-negative bacterium. Describe how molecular Koch's postulates could be used to test this hypothesis. Bacterial toxins include endotoxin and exotoxins. Explain\text{\red{Explain}}Explain Why are hypotheses so important to controlled experiments? It acts as a spreading factor. Inactivate the gene so that fimbriae are no longer produced. *They use up nutrients and release wastes, preventing pathogenic bacteria from gaining a foothold. As a mountain erodes, sediment can accumulate in a nearby _____. During an oral surgery, the surgeon nicked the patients gum with a sharp instrument. SOLVED:Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that infects the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. She suspects that the bacteriums fimbriae are a virulence factor. x[ms6|fj 2sMnNhKM*] $ rdIX>Nvjc/_vbU/vk?OuSmsv.^]N_sy3bH,eY|d|g1s9{v1Ogti~9]WrV==j5,4?iG^~%k/ejP7-0_kK_}wNE=?2|y= w 6eiW2xl z{5jW,>pJE$Bfl^b'ddQ8odUpfct{KY|{U;&I$t zrs,# @-"*1.!c?]sr[z}jeOg_W/_,lR"=58Nx? Endotoxin is the lipid A component of the LPS of the gram-negative cell envelope. A) alveolar macrophage - lungs B) microglial cells - brain In each of the following sentences, cross out any incorrect word and write the correct word above it. Which of the following choices lists the steps of pathogenesis in the correct order? Bloodborne pathogens areinfectious microorganisms in human blood that can cause disease in humans. <> Which period is the stage of disease during which the patient begins to present general signs and symptoms? Virulence, the degree to which a pathogen can cause disease, can be quantified by calculating either the ID50 or LD50 of a pathogen on a given population. Biofilm forms EPS, which allows the bacteria to remain attached to the host tissues. This mutation affects the A-subunit, preventing it from interacting with any host protein. phagocytosis ______________ include cells from humans, animals, plants, protozoa, fungi, and most algae. One response of the human immune. (c) What initiates the period of decline? B. 16. Protozoal infection may lead to ht edevelopmen t of all the following conditions except? The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Which of the following applies to hyaluronidase? In this context, this means The page below is a sample from the LabCE course OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens. Inflammation is a response to infection or injury that helps the body heal. This allowed Streptococcus, a bacterium normally present in the mouth, to gain access to the blood. histamine C. collagenase Distinguish between the signs and symptoms of disease in Brians case. Exoenzymes are classified according to the macromolecule they target and exotoxins are classified based on their mechanism of action. Simple one-celled organisms that are the most powerful pathogens are what? *Monocytes become macrophages once they enter the tissues. *The Mantoux skin test uses the delayed allergic response to indicate exposure to tuberculosis. Which of the following pathogens undergoes antigenic variation to avoid immune defenses? IgD Answer- Excavata is a major supergroup of unicellular organisms . Microbe c. Protozoa b. Bacteria d. Fungii ____ 2. rheumatoid arthritis These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). epinephrine. 20. A Mononucleosis budding yeast with an elaborate capsule Cryptococcus neoformans causes a systemic infection primarily involving the lungs and central . acid pH of stomach One of the most important steps I can take to prevent exposure to bloodborn pathogens is to be mindful of my surroundings at all times in the clinical setting. Define the viscosity and osmolarity of blood. Which of the following are most likely to be. Can you place a MediaView in multiple Panes? Section: 07.04, If you were vaccinated against the mumps virus and later exposed to it, you would still be infected but it would not be as bad as if you had never been vaccinated. A Strep throat They use up nutrients and release wastes, preventing pathogenic bacteria from gaining a foothold. P. aeruginosa usually causes localized ear and eye infections but can cause pneumonia or septicemia in vulnerable individuals like newborn babies. Devise an arrangement of mirrors allowing you to see the back of your head. agglutinating them. The Centers for Disease Control estimate that there are about _______________ people living with HIV in the United States. Section: 07.02, Which of the following is not considered a barrier to entry of a pathogen? D antibodies. As a result, the patient developed bacterial endocarditis (an infection of the heart). Immunity produced by the injection of gamma globulin is known as what? all of the following are true statements concerning mononucleosis except? which of the following is a pathogen, risk is often presented as _________, which is a measure of the statistical likelihood that something will occur, generally speaking, as economic development occurs, the risk of exposure to indoor air pollution _______, and the impact of over consumption of food and tobacco _________, advocates of environmental justice seek which of the following, risks related to development spread evenly across all populations, You are working with a chemical, so to educate yourself about the chemical's hazard, you read its material safety data sheet (MSDS) the msds indicates that the LD50 for the chemical is 5 grams per kilogram body weight this LD50 indicates that____, Half of the animals tested died when given that dose of the chemical, Which of the following is a cryonic effect of exposure to a toxin, The process of risk assessment includes all of the following except, Weighing the risk against economic, social, and legal considerations, Although bisphenol (BPA) is found in plastics sold in the United States, the chemical has been banned in many countries because it is, thalidomide was banned because it was determined to be, leaded paint and gasoline are longer available in the US because lead is, which of the following pollutants is/are readily dissolved and transported in water, which of the following organisms runs the highest risk of harm as a result of the biological magnification of pollutants, which of the following diseases is spread via water containing infected human waste, how can a flu virus be more dangerous than the ebola virus, individuals infected with a flu virus tend to travel and spread the disease before they get sick, benefits that we draw from the environment, what disease is expected to become more widespread as a result of global climate change, prevent disease outbreaks and harm from natural disasters, air pollution causes considerable harm to human health, based on your understanding of how air pollution affects people, which of the following examples is most likely to cause harm, a carcinogen is released from gasoline while a car is being filled. Describe the virulence factors associated with the fungal pathogen Aspergillus. 8 00:48:34 Multiple Choice Supergroup Amoebozoans - Giardia intestinalis (Giardiasis) Supergroup Amoebozoans - Entamoeba histolytica (Amoebiasis) Supergroup SAR - Plasmodium (Malaria) Supergroup Excavata. True Section: 07.03, What two sites are involved in the production and maturation of T lymphocytes? It promotes blood clotting. Acupuncture involves needles that are inserted into the skin. 1. 1 0 obj (a) Would the toxin be able to enter into the intestinal epithelial cell? It is produced by immune cells to target pathogens. Draw the symbol that represents the pathogen. Universal precautions c. Standard response a. Bacillus anthracis B red blood cells. B Inchworms a protein produced by plasma cells that attacks pathogens Kochs postulates are used to determine whether a particular microorganism is a pathogen. They cause an inflammatory response that kills pathogenic bacteria upon contact. perforin, perforin What do "having the measles" and being vaccinated against the measles have in common? Section: 07.03, Phil was exposed to parasitic worms on a recent field trip to the tropics. mononucleosis is most common amoung the elderly. basophils plasma cells form; B cell activated; B cell divides; antigen binds to BCR C Athlete's foot and ringworm 36. C. Plasmodium Which of the following is a major virulence factor for the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus? 33 Which of the following protozoan supergroup - pathogen pairs is incorrect? What is the most common way a nosocomial infection is acquired? The body will not be able to fight off the pathogen quickly, because it knows how to get into the body easier. Which of the following is not a vaccine recommended for college students? *T cells possess specific receptors that help them identify antigens. Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with chronically inflamed joints. *The RhoGAM shot is an example of passive immunity. ", "The use of gloves does not eliminate the need for proper and regular hand washing. C. must list all department personnel by name, A Level UK Politics: Topic 4 - Voting Behavio, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Medical Terminology: Learning Through Practice. BCR IgG antibodies bind to pathogens, activate the compliment and enhance phagocytosis. (b) In terms of quantity of pathogen, in what way are these periods different? epinephrine damage resulting in cell lysis Margination is defined as the process in which monocytes stick to the wall of the blood vessels at the site of infection Which of the following pairs is mismatched? They are both forms of passive immunity. If the acupuncture needles are not sterile, pathogens could enter skin tissue or blood vessels, potentially initiating an infection. *Since viruses are not surrounded by a membrane, the membrane attack complex is ineffective against them. Ability to damage the host The characteristics of a pathogen that determine its virulence include which of the following? As a result, the patient developed bacterial endocarditis (an infection of the heart). Section: 07.04, What are the first antibodies produced by a plasma cell? An employee, who has an occupational exposure potential with blood or OPIM, does not need to notify their supervisor as to the existence of an open sore. Universal response b. Julio and his dinner guests are likely to experience food-borne illness if he A. wipes the knife used to cut up the raw chicken on a hand towel before using the knife to cut up the salad vegetables. *(g) chiral. answer choices virus bacteria fungus parasite/protist Question 3 30 seconds Q. They must then receive a copy of the evaluation within ___ days, The hepatitis B virus can last for up to seven days outside of the body. 25. IgA Definition. Consider an airplane flying at a pressure altitude of 33,500 ft and a density altitude of 32,000 ft. 3. TCR This mutation affects the A-subunit, preventing it from interacting with any host protein. Antigenic __________ is the result of reassortment of genes responsible for the production of influenza virus spike proteins between different virus particles while in the same host, whereas antigenic __________ is the result of point mutations in the spike proteins. Explain how the current discovery of the presence of this reported P. aeruginosa could lead to a recurrence of nosocomial disease. 8 00:48:34 Multiple Choice Supergroup Amoebozoans - Giardia intestinalis (Giardiasis) Supergroup Amoebozoans - Entamoeba histolytica (Amoebiasis) Supergroup SAR - Plasmodium (Malaria) Supergroup Excavata. They are not as easily treated compared with those involving free-floating (or planktonic) bacteria. (b) How do they differ? Which of the following is a nonspecific defense against pathogens?