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A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. Has something like this ever happened to you? While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). Complications. The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. The heart rate slows . A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. A) managed care His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. (credit: Laurie Avocado). Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. b. life expectancy has reached a new high. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. c. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. Reduced urine. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. 22. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep; in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep. Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). 1. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Upset stomach and vomiting. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend.