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[143], In the 20th century, most dictatorships held elections in which voters could only choose to support the dictatorship, with only one-quarter of partisan dictatorships permitting opposition candidates to participate. [8]:457, The DD dataset is limited to 199 countries after 1946, whereas Boix, Miller, & Rosato, 2013 proposed a data set from 1800 to 2007, covering 219 countries. [144] Since the end of the Cold War, more dictatorships have established "semi-competitive" elections in which opposition is allowed to participate in elections but is not allowed to win, with approximately two-thirds of dictatorships permitting opposition candidates in 2018. [49] In an absolute monarchy, power is limited to the royal family, and legitimacy is established by historical factors. Current dictatorships include Russia, Equatorial New Guinea, and North Korea. [48], An absolute monarchy is a monarchy in which the monarch rules without legal limitations. [97], The Middle East was decolonized during the Cold War, and many nationalist movements gained strength post-independence. But this is not the first time Myanmar is having the bitter taste of autocracy, in fact, their governance turned . Mao consolidated his control of the People's Republic of China with the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, which involved the destruction of all elements of capitalism and traditionalism in China. [27], One-party dictatorships are more stable than other forms of authoritarian rule, as they are less susceptible to insurgency and see higher economic growth. Countries that start with: Although it is true that some dictators are far more strict and overbearing than others, as a rule, dictatorships tend to result in a loss of personal autonomy, quality of life, and political choice for everyday citizens. Its purpose is to collect information, mobilize society, and induce compliance with the dictatorships directives. They are ruled by one-party or military dictatorships, religious hierarchies, or autocrats. Modern Dictatorships Between 1919 and 1939 there was a great reaction against democracy and dictatorship was established in many countries of the world. The head of state in most parliamentary democracies formally appoint the head of government. Reading Time: 4 minutes. Personalist regimes diverge from other regimes when it comes to their longevity, methods of breakdown, levels of corruption, and proneness to conflicts. This may be ensured through incentives, such as distribution of financial resources or promises of security, or it may be through repression, in which failing to support the regime is punished. The leader may be supported by a party or military, but still retains the overwhelming majority of power, especially regarding whom to place in which governmental roles, and relies heavily upon their own charisma to maintain control. [34] When a one-party dictatorship develops gradually through legal means, in can result in conflict between the party organization and the state apparatus and civil service, as the party rules in parallel and increasingly appoints its own members to positions of power. In fact, most dictators adopt common appellations such as "President" or "Prime Minister", so they must be identified via their actions and policies rather than their title. A dictatorship is an authoritarian structure of government. [87] Populist movements were strengthened following the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, producing populist dictatorships in several Latin American countries. People living under a dictatorship are often persecuted for unethical reasons, including their religion, sexual orientation, or economic status. Various forms of dictatorship have been a context in which social and behavioral sciences (SBS) have been developing through most of the twentieth century. 8. Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the . The required majority needed to remove the sitting government varies between countries but is termed a vote of no confidence. Dictators typically retain their power by silencing any opposition to their rulings and guidelines. It has a population of approximately 31 million people, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. Some of the most famous dictators in history include Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Saddam Hussein. In the latter half of the 20th century, Latin America witnessed a rise in authoritarian regimes across the expanse of the regionoften with multiple dictators following different political . They are often unstable, and the average duration of a military dictatorship is only five years, but they are often followed by additional military coups and military dictatorships. [6], The opposition to a dictatorship represents all of the factions that are not part of the dictatorship and anyone that does not support the regime. Italy's Mussolini. Elections allow a dictatorship to exercise some control over the opposition by setting the terms under which the opposition challenges the regime. [8]:456. From the outside looking in, life within a dictatorship appears akin to being in a toxic relationship or living situation. [73], Dictatorships in Latin America persisted into the 20th century, and further military coups established new regimes, often in the name of nationalism. Repression can encompass actual or threatened physical violence such as arrests, assassinations, torture, beatings, disappearances, mass killings, and forced exile. Therefore, it is impossible to know if the regime is a democracy or a dictatorship, so DD Index considers them dictatorships until an alternation in power occurs. However, a political rights score of 6 or 7 corresponds most closely with our definition of dictatorship, based on Freedom House's characterization: 6 Countries and territories with a rating of 6 have very restricted political rights. After the recent death of Idriss Deby in April 2021, his son Mahamat Deby took over. [111][112][113] Latin America saw a period of liberalization similar to that of Europe at the end of the Cold War, with Cuba being the only Latin American country that did not experience any degree of liberalization between 1992 and 2010. Between 1967 and 1991, 12 Latin American countries underwent at least one military coup, with Haiti and Honduras experiencing three and Bolivia experiencing eight. In democracies, the threat of a military coup is associated with the period immediately after a democracy's creation but prior to large-scale military reforms. 1 Norway 2 Iceland 3 Sweden 4 New Zealand 5 Denmark =6 Canada =6 Ireland 8 Australia =9 Switzerland =9 Finland ( 1, 2, 3) 5 Paul Kagame, the 60-year-old President of Rwanda, has been in power since 1994 when his rebel army ended the genocide which had killed 800,000 people. [103] Belarus under the rule of Alexander Lukashenko has been described as "the last European dictatorship",[109][110] though the rule of Vladimir Putin in Russia has also been described as a dictatorship. The terms "autocrat" and "autocracy" are often used interchangeably with "dictator" and "dictatorship". Olessia Kirtchik, Mariana Heredia, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. Current Heads of State & Dictators - Planet Rulers, President Faustin Archange Touadera of the, President Flix Tshilombo Tshisekedi of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, President Denis Sassou Nguesso of the Republic of the Congo, President Teodoro Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, President Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan of. These movements supported pan-Arab Nasserism during most of the Cold War, but they were largely replaced by Islamic nationalism by the 1980s. Infiltration involves disseminating individuals loyal to the dictatorship and its ideals across civil society and local community elites. If it is, then a further distinction is made between democracies where the head of state is popularly elected and those where the head of state is not popularly elected. (Image Wikipedia) Electoral process and pluralism: 0.00. Accused of crimes against humanity, Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death in 2006. The group may be military or political, it may be organized or disorganized, and it may disproportionately represent a certain demographic. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. Modern Dictatorship Countries. [45] Although, when it comes to polling and elections a dictator could use his power to override private preferences. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. The DD index first classifies the regimes into two types: democracies and dictatorships. Infamous dictators of the world are often thought of as tyrants - leaders who rule with iron fists, cruelty, unflinching authority, and a lack of opposition. [98], One of the tasks in political science is to measure and classify regimes as either democracies or dictatorship (authoritarian) countries. [126] Some of the most ruthless examples of repression in recent history were repression by hunger. [93] Chiang Kai-shek continued to rule as dictator of the National government's rump state in Taiwan until his death in 1975. As of early 2022, the countries of Afghanistan, Eritrea, North Korea, and Turkmenistan are the only nations in the world whose governments are generally considered to be totalitarian dictatorships. These countries maintain parliaments and human rights organizations, but these remain under the control of the countries' respective dictators. [31], Personalist dictatorships are regimes in which all power lies in the hands of a single individual. [119][120][121][122], Most dictatorships exist in countries with high levels of poverty. Parties that take power through violence are often able to implement larger changes in a shorter period of time. Chad. A dictator may have a team of officials who advise him or her and help keep the government running, but these officials ultimately have very little control or influence. [8]:456, The second distinction made is whether the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. A totalitarian government has "total control of mass communications and social and economic organizations". [73], The first communist state was created by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks with the establishment of Soviet Russia during the Russian Revolution in 1917. [102] The stability of the Soviet Union weakened in the 1980s. [126] For dictatorships, societal compliance is necessary for the ruling entity to maintain its desired order, laws, revenue, and policies. Rodrigo Duterte (Philippines) Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the legally, directly-elected President of the Philippines and leading member of the PDP-Laban party. [19], Military dictatorships are regimes in which military officers hold power, determine who will lead the country, and exercise influence over policy. [52], Dictatorship is historically associated with the Ancient Greek concept of tyranny, and several ancient Greek rulers have been described as "tyrants" that are comparable to modern dictators. Organizations that maintain moral authority with the public, such as the Church, are often the most targeted by infiltration. [148], Terrorism is less common in dictatorships. In the former, for example, the President must appoint as Prime Minister the leader of the largest party in parliament, who has three days to gain the confidence of a majority thereof. Those against dictatorship say personal rights are severely restricted, the system is generally based on force and violence, and it demands complete obedience. Dictatorships can be formed by a military coup that overthrows the previous government through force or by a self-coup in which elected leaders make their rule permanent. Myanmar has been thrown into the darkness of the military dictatorship once again as this morning, the military junta arrested "The daughter of democracy" Aung San Suu Kyi and reinstated the military rule. Typically, dictators rise to power when a nation faces significant social issues, such as strong economic crises or unrest among the nation's people. He responded by ordering the confiscation of food, impossible farming yield quotas, banning private farming for substenance, and introducing internal passports and residency permits, which prevented villagers from seeking food elsewhere. The classification depends on the rules outlining the relationship between a country's government, legislative assembly (often called the legislature), and head of state. [37], Personalist dictators typically favor loyalty over competence in their governments and have a general distrust of intelligentsia. The theories about society, capital and labor got turned into a dictatorship, genocide, and poverty. [76][77] The Russian Revolution inspired a wave of left-wing revolutionary movements in Europe between 1917 and 1923, but none saw the same level of success. Members of the group will typically make up the elites in a dictator's inner circle at the beginning of a new dictatorship, though the dictator may remove them as a means to gain additional power. [104] A one-party communist dictatorship was formed in Cuba when a US-backed dictatorship was overthrown in the Cuban Revolution, creating the only Soviet-backed dictatorship in the western hemisphere. [8]:465 Some countries, such as Greece and Bulgaria, stipulate who the head of state chooses as head of government. Many others developed following a period of warlordism. Types. [18], A classification of dictatorships, which began with political scientist Barbara Geddes in 1999, focuses on where power lies. [118] Generally, two research approaches exist: the minimalist approach, which focuses on whether a country has continued elections that are competitive, and the substantive approach, which expands the concept of democracy to include human rights, freedom of the press, and the rule of law. Equatorial Guinea. [138] A study found that dictatorships that engage in oil drilling are more likely to remain in power, with 70.63% of the dictators who engage in oil drilling still being in power after 5 years of dictatorship, while only 59.92% of the non-oil producing dictators survive the first 5 years. [1]:70. The rights of the people are typically suppressed in a dictatorship, sometimes to a great degree. The authors acknowledged that the last rule is more complicated to implement, but stated that it helps researchers to control potential errors and removes subjective judgement from the classification. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. He all but eradicated corruption. Marxist one-party states are sometimes distinguished from other one-party states, but they function similarly. The term dictatorship originates from its use in the Roman Republic. Source by babeltravel. But by 1995, all the countries in the region, with the notable . Many of these governments fell under the control of caudillos, or personalist dictators. This makes it distinct from constitutional monarchy and ceremonial monarchy. Syria - Well, it depends. Hybrid dictatorships: What it's like to live under a Dictatorship. Latin America experienced a dramatic political change in the last quarter of the twentieth century. A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, which holds governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. [11], A dictatorship is formed when a specific group seizes power, with the composition of this group affecting how power is seized and how the eventual dictatorship will rule. This is a list of famous examples of fascism across history. Far-left and far-right dictatorships used similar methods to maintain power, including cult of personality, concentration camps, forced labour, mass murder, and genocide. [8]:454 The government composes the chief executive and the heads of the executive departments. Adolf Hitler known for his Nazi party and the barbarities and fierceness during his autocracy rule. This may sound like a contradiction of terms to many people. If the head of state serves for life or is not popularly elected or a fixed term, then the democracy is parliamentary.[1]. Charles Taylor Country: Liberia Charles McArthur Ghanakay Taylor's life story is akin to that of a movie. Semi-competitive elections also have the effect of incentivizing members of the ruling party to provide better treatment of citizens so they will be chosen as party nominees due to their popularity. They are more likely to end in violence and less likely to democratize than other forms of dictatorship. Many countries which are seen as otherwise democratic are dictatorships because there has yet to be an alternation in power since their incumbent government has never lost an election. Laos (since 1975) Political culture: 5.00. Korea experienced military dictatorships under the rule of Yeon Gaesomun in the 7th century[58] and under the rule of the Goryeo military regime in the 12th and 13th centuries. On average, they last twice as long as military dictatorships, but not as long as one-party dictatorships. REUTERS/Myo Kyaw Soe. 10. What are the countries with a democracy government? [33] A ruling party in a one-party dictatorship may rule under any ideology or it may have no guiding ideology. Cuba - Dictatorship 5. Democracy-Dictatorship (DD),[1] index of democracy and dictatorship[2] or simply the DD index[3] or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. In Germany, the head of state is elected by regional legislatures and not popularly elected. Early African dictatorships were primarily personalist socialist dictatorships, in which a single socialist would take power instead of a ruling party. Nations with a legacy of military dictatorship (s) In Africa Algeria (1965-1994) Burkina Faso (1966-1991) Burundi (1966-1993) Central African Republic (1966-1993) Chad (1975-1991) Congo-Brazzaville (1968-1992) Equatorial Guinea (1968-1982) Ethiopia (1974-1991) Gambia, The (1994-1997) Guinea (1984-1991) Ghana (1966-1969; 1972-1979; 1981-1993) Today, they are "elected," as true democracies helplessly look on . The phrase "fixed term" indicates the once the head of state is chosen, they serve a known and a limited number of years before another election is held, and they cannot be removed from the office in the meantime via a vote of no confidence. Its territory covers 652,000 km, making it the 41st largest country in the world. Elections also support the legitimacy of a dictatorship by presenting the image of a democracy, establishing plausible deniability of its status as a dictatorship for both the populace and foreign governments. [142] Dictatorships may influence the results of an election through electoral fraud, intimidation or bribing of candidates and voters, use of state resources such as media control, manipulation of electoral laws, restricting who may run as a candidate, or disenfranchising demographics that may oppose the dictatorship. Democracy-Dictatorship (DD), index of democracy and dictatorship or simply the DD index or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. (Dictator of Italy and Principal Founder of Fascism Who Was Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943.) [86] After a brief period of democratization, Latin America underwent a rapid transition toward dictatorship in the 1930s. The . Military dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the inherent military strength associated with such a regime, and personalist dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the weaker institutions to check the dictator's power. Other factors associated with military coups include extensive natural resources, limited use of the military internationally, and use of the military as an oppressive force domestically. In the last six years alone, at least 26 African countries have experienced transfers of power. Dictatorships suffer from an obvious and significant imbalance of power. Binary measure of democracy and dictatorship, Six-fold regime classification scheme and its rules, Comparison with other democracy-measuring data sets, Studies in Comparative International Development, "Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense", Przeworski, Alvarez, Cheibub, and Limongi: Democracy and development, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy-Dictatorship_Index&oldid=1141715357, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2023, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Parliamentary democracy is the same as semi-presidential but has heads of state which are not popularly elected for a fixed term, typically either monarchs or officials not chosen by popular elections. [29][30] The use of ruling parties also provides more legitimacy to its leadership and elites than other forms of dictatorship[31] and facilitates a peaceful transfer of power at the end of a dictator's rule. There are many countries that can be considered dictatorships, including North Korea, Cuba, and Venezuela. Modern dictatorships first developed in the 19th century, which included Bonapartism in Europe and caudillos in Latin America. To enact policy, a dictator must either appease the regime's elites or attempt to replace them. Brion Donal Cinhil Urien Haldane, 25th king of Gwynedd, reigned 1095 to 1120. Communist dictatorships in the region aligned with China following the latter's establishment as a communist state. [15] If the dictator has not seized power through a political party, then a party may be formed as a mechanism to reward supporters and to concentrate power in the hands of political allies instead of militant allies. Mussolini abolished democracy in Italy in 1922 and became a dictator. Examples of Fascism. That said, there are two important differences between dictatorships and autocracies. Freedom House, the Polity data series, and the Democracy-Dictatorship Index are three of the most used data series by political scientists. Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, and Palestine are the only democratic nations in the region, with Israel being the only nation in this region that affords broad political liberties to its citizens. Monarchies: 3. But to understand the dictatorship in Cuba . Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. [35][36] These dictatorships often emerge either from loosely organized seizures of power, giving the leader opportunity to consolidate power, or from democratically elected leaders in countries with weak institutions, giving the leader opportunity to change the constitution. Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled by Dictators | 2019 Rankings On Time 1.62K subscribers 95K views 3 years ago Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled. What countries are currently ruled by dictatorships? This is thanks to an oil boom that enriched his family at the expense of the Equatorial Guinea citizens. 1. Poverty has a destabilizing effect on government, causing democracy to fail and regimes to fall more often. Current dictatorships include Zimbabwe, Uzbekistan, and North Korea. Too Much Power. [1][3] Resorting to democratic concepts by Karl Popper and Joseph Schumpeter, Przeworski defended the minimalist approach, citing Popper that "the only system in which citizens can get rid of governments without bloodshed. Among Africans past and present, you'll find a smattering of dictatorships. This means that the ruler or party has complete control. In practice, it is often defined as people choosing their leaders in free and fair elections. Mao established the People's Republic of China as a one-party communist state under his governing ideology of Maoism. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 12:26. Fidel Castro was one of the most iconic latin american dictators, who lived in the 20th century. During the first half of the 20th century, dictatorships took control of a number of technologically advanced countries. For example, DD could classify a country which has a legislative assembly whose official name is "the parliament" but still classify it in any of the three categories. [126]This tactic involves policies on land reform, poverty alleviation, public health, housing, education, and employment programs that force citizens to be dependent on the state for relatively adequate living standards. Photo: Lars Klove. Dominant-party dictatorships or electoral authoritarian dictatorships are one-party dictatorships in which opposition parties are nominally legal but cannot meaningfully influence government. It is the seventh largest country in Africa, and is bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean and Luanda is its capital city. Leaders of these dictatorships often place those loyal to them in positions of power (qualified or not), and foster cults of personality to sway public opinion to their side. [5] This is particularly true when the inner circle is made up of military officers that have the resources to carry out a military coup. [1] In addition to executive authority, Putin also holds judicial and legislative power, which enables him to change the law to fit his agenda. [90] These new African governments were marked by severe instability, which provided opportunities for regime change and made fair elections a rare occurrence on the continent. This type of vote is termed a constructive vote of no confidence. [126] In particular, censorship by dictatorships helps solidify claims of legitimacy and marginalize the voices of opposition critics. [85] After being defeated in World War II, the far-right dictatorships of Europe collapsed, with the exceptions of Spain and Portugal. Dictatorships have shallow levels of freedom. Preference falsification, Internal politics, data scarcity, and restriction of media are just a few examples of the dangers of a personalistic authoritarian regime. The premise of the "people's democratic dictatorship" is that the Chinese Party of China and the state represent and act on behalf of the people, but possess and may use powers against reactionary forces. If this institution can be effectively controlled by the dictator, it can become avaluable instruments of control over the population. Below are the world's most authoritarian regimes: 21. [4] Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the present year. Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 and the Single-Party/Military hybrid that controlled El Salvador from 1948 to 1984. [1][8]:454 It is important to note that these names do not have to correspond to the official or colloquial titles of any of the countries offices. Current dictatorships include Russia, Equatorial New Guinea, and North Korea. They are in civil war, but the dictator is. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images. ], Based on the regime binary classification idea proposed by Alvarez in 1996,[5] and the Democracy and Development (or DD measure, ACLP dataset) proposed by Przeworski et al. There's no room for opposition or . If the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term then, the democracy is mixed or semi-presidential.