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In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. The instructor begins by telling a story, showing a video clip, asking a question, or telling a joke. Effective use of drill and practice revolves around knowing what skill is being developed. The following code describes the concept of an aviation citizen. The pilot informed the controller that he was low on fuel and needed to land as soon as possible. However, it is the instructors responsibility to plan, organize, develop, and present the major portion of a lesson, There are a number of advantages to lectures. Some educators believe that television and the film industry have produced a visual culture that has actually changed the way people learn, Passive video, or video that the student watches like a movie, provide motion, color, sound, and in many cases, special effects with advanced graphic and animation techniques. Those maneuvers requiring repetition may still be taught during concentrated settings. [Figure 4-17], In practice, the choice of instructional aids depends on several factors. The desired learning outcomes should stem from the objective, Conduct adequate research to become familiar with the topic. A. similarity between the idea transmitted and the idea received. Instructors should avoid questions that can be answered by short factual statements or yes or no responses and ask open-ended questions that are thought provoking and require more mental activity. Upon arrival at the airport the student makes decisions (with guidance and feedback as necessary) to safely enter and fly the traffic pattern, Before the end of the instructional period, the instructor should review what has been covered during the lesson and require the students to demonstrate how well the lesson objectives have been met. The tendency toward unnecessarily distracting artwork also should be avoided, Instructional aids should appeal to the student and be based on sound principles of instructional design. The height of usable objects is limited to the space between the top of the lowered projection plate and the body of the projector, usually about two or three inches. A well-planned lesson means the instructor is also practicing time management skills and ensures the time allocated for the lesson is well used. The instructor needs to keep up with the discussion and know when to intervene with questions or redirect the groups focus. Teaching Methods - CFI Notebook As little extraneous activity as possible should be included in the demonstration if students are to clearly understand the instructor is accurately performing the actions previously explained. The terrain is flat farmland with no published obstacles, What will he do now? Arrival at point B should be within 5 minutes of planned arrival time and cruise altitude should be maintained within 200 feet during the en route phase of the flight." Research into how people learn has been ongoing for almost one hundred years. A curriculum for a pilot school usually includes courses for the various pilot certificates and ratings, while the curriculum for an aviation maintenance technician (AMT) addresses the subject areas described in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 147. A postage stamp, typed material, textbook illustrations, or a defective spark plug are representative of the items that may be projected. The rhetorical question is similar in nature, because it also spurs group thought. Ac lectus vel risus suscipit sit amet hendrerit a venenatis. instead of "Would you expect an aircraft to require a longer takeoff run at Denver or at New Orleans?" A syllabus is a summary or outline of a course of study that generally contains a description of each lesson, including objectives and completion standards. For example, the instructors voice, printed text, video cassettes, interactive computer programs, part-task trainers, flight training devices, or flight simulators, and numerous other types of training devices are considered training media, In school settings, instructors may become involved in the selection and preparation of instructional aids, but they often are already in place. High-quality, commercially produced CDs and DVDs are available for almost every aviation training subject. Assessment of Piloting Ability - Flight Study In aviation, the term "training syllabus" is commonly used and in this context it is a step-by-step, building block progression of learning with provisions for regular review and assessments at prescribed stages of learning. Although lecture and demonstration-performance may be the methods used most often, being aware of other methods and teaching tools such as guided discussion, cooperative learning, and computerassisted learning better prepares an instructor for a wide variety of teaching situations, Obviously, the aviation instructor is the key to effective teaching. The instructor who requires notes should use them sparingly and unobtrusively, but at the same time should make no effort to hide them from the students. This usually involves the term behavioral objective, although it may be referred to as a performance, instructional, or educational objective. The actual training requirements are based in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and other publications used by designated pilot and maintenance examiners when they conduct practical tests. In this method, students observe the skill and then try to reproduce it. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by To test each students ability to perform, the instructor requires students to work independently throughout this phase and makes some comment about how each performed the skill relative to the way it was taught. As the student progresses through higher levels of performance and understanding, the instructor should shift the training focus to decision-based training objectives. As mentioned in chapter 3, covering a subject in too much detail is as bad or worse than sketchy coverage. Of even more significance is that the same data also suggest that SBT students demonstrate better decision-making skills than maneuver based studentsmost likely because their training occurred while performing realistic flight maneuvers and not artificial maneuvers designed only for the test, Research also indicates SBT may lead to improved piloting and navigation skills over traditional maneuver-based training techniques. It can be used during classroom periods and preflight and postflight briefings. As mentioned earlier, possession of a high level of technical knowledge does not equate to the ability to teach it. For example, the instructor in the opening scenario is an aviation maintenance SME, Effective instructors are not only knowledgeable about aviation, they are also knowledgeable about teaching. Colors, when used, should provide clear contrast and easily be visible, The usefulness of aids can be improved by proper sequencing to build on previous learning. Since aids are normally used in conjunction with a verbal presentation, words on the aid should be kept to a minimum. In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. If Class D, E, and G airspace are the only airspace types being utilized by a student, save the discussion of A, B, and C airspace until they have operating familiarity with the other types. Charts, diagrams, and graphs are also in this category. Thus, the student pilot exhibits knowledge of all the elements involved in a poweroff stall as listed in the PTS, As discussed in chapter 2, humans develop cognitive skills through active interaction with the world. This is necessary to be certain a student is on track with the training syllabus. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. Once the class has mastered the ability to compute weight and balance, Bob decides to give them the following scenario with the objective of teaching them how to reconfigure weight and balance in the real world. A participant lacking SBT instruction must search his or her memory to link a maneuver to a situation, The incorporation of SBT as part of the lesson is discussed in more detail later in this chapter, as well as in Chapter 6, Planning Instructional Activity, Decision-based objectives are designed specifically to develop pilot judgment and ADM skills. The reasons for using a follow-up question may vary. Finally, lectures may be combined with other teaching methods to give added meaning and direction, The lecture method of teaching needs to be very flexible since it may be used in different ways. The following paragraph is an example of one such accident, "The private pilot was on a visual flight rules (VFR) crosscountry flight when he began encountering instrument conditions. Understanding these distinctions helps the instructor become a more skilled user of questions, The instructor often uses a question to open up an area for discussion. flor de hortensia para maleficios; layer by layer minecraft castle blueprints. The pilot continued into the instrument conditions for about 30 minutes before asking Atlanta Approach Control for directions to the nearest airport for landing. The effective instructor is able to interpret the meaning of these reactions and adjust the lesson accordingly. Instead, instructors become supportive facilitators. +44 (0)7540 787812 frances@constructionandbuildingphotography.com. Manage and monitor all flight systems and electrical in-flight . The type of chart selected for use depends largely on the type of information the instructor wants to convey. This, coupled with an inattentive viewing style, can diminish the instructional value of the CD or DVD, As is true for any instructional aid, instructors need to follow some basic guidelines when using CDs and DVDs. Remember, a good inflight scenario is more than an hour of flight time; it is also a learning experience. Learning assessment is another important skill of an effective instructor. how to chair a board meeting script. This fourth organizational pattern starts with common usage before progressing to the rarer ones. Pilot skill evaluations occur during the conduct of courses at FAA-approved schools, and teaching instructors should verify that learners meet the proficiency requirements prior to sending them for any stage check. The instructor must provide opportunities for students to practice and, at the same time, make sure that this process is directed toward a learning objective, A successful instructor needs to be familiar with as many teaching methods as possible. Such training can include initial training, transition training, upgrade training, recurrent training, and special training. Through discussion, the students develop an understanding of the subject by sharing knowledge, experiences, and backgrounds. Or the instructor may remind the students of an upcoming test on the material. Content validity means that a particular maneuver or procedure closely mimics what is required. While there are subtle nuances to the different terms which include computer-assisted learning (CAL), computerassisted instruction (CAI), computer-based training (CBT), and computer-based instruction (CBI), this handbook will use the term "computer-assisted learning" in the following discussion, Computer-assisted learning (CAL) couples the personal computer (PC) with multimedia software to create a training device. The rough draft should be carefully checked for technical accuracy, proper terminology, grammar, spelling, basic balance, clarity, and simplicity. [Figure 4-9], The lecture may be conducted in either a formal or an informal manner. All members of the group should follow the discussion. Major advantages of CAL are that students can progress at a rate which is comfortable for them and are often able to access the CAL at their own convenience, Another benefit of CAL is the test prep study guides, useful for preparation for the FAA knowledge tests. Although the lecture method is useful in providing information, it is not an effective method of learning large amounts of information in a short time. The examiner for the Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) is required to ask four questions in each of the subject areas, which are required by the regulations to be taught. The objective formulated in the last few paragraphs, for instance, is a well-defined lesson objective from the task, Pilotage and Dead Reckoning, in the Private Pilot PTS, PTS hold an important position in aviation training curricula because they supply the instructor with specific performance objectives based on the standards that must be met for the issuance of a particular aviation certificate or rating. For example, it is better to ask "Why does an aircraft normally require a longer takeoff run at Denver than at New Orleans?" What can be done to improve the flight instructor role? This review and wrap-up of ideas reinforces student learning and improves the retention of what has been learned. An interim summary reinforces learning in relation to a specific learning outcome. In this way, the students are encouraged to make contributions that supplement the lecture. Students do not learn to weld during one shop period or to perform crosswind landings during one instructional flight. On the other hand, a student needs knowledge in order to build understanding of a subject, One last disadvantage of the lecture is that it does not foster attainment of certain types of learning outcome, such as motor skills, need to be perfected via hands-on practice. The capability to stop, freeze, and replay information is helpful for both instructors and students. Establish a specific lesson objective with desired learning outcomes. First of all, instructors need to begin planning early to determine what the student group is expected to learn and to be able to do on their own. To be an effective instructor, it is important to determine which teaching methods best convey the information being taught, In the lecture method, the instructor delivers his knowledge via lectures to students who are more or less silent participants. He has turned this knowledge into practical knowledge utilized in the teaching process. It can be a stand-alone software program that takes a learner from lecture to exam or it can be an interactive web-based course of instruction that involves a mixture of mandatory class attendance with e-mail discussions and assignments. The instructor may use an overhead question to pose the lead-off question. In preparing questions, the instructor should remember that the purpose is to stimulate discussion, not merely to get answers. Take The Exams. For example, a laboratorytype environment may be configured with separate study areas for each student. The instructor can use questions to determine the experience and background of the students in order to tailor the lecture to their needs, and/or to add variety, stimulate interest, and check student understanding. Drawing on previously discussed theoretical knowledge, this chapter discusses specific recommendations on how to use this information to teach aviation students, Teaching is to instruct or train someone, or the profession of someone who teaches. Through doing, students learn to follow correct procedures and to reach established standards. In its basic form, CAL is a combination of more than one instructional media, such as audio, text, graphics, and video (or film) usually shown on a PC, With CAL, the roles of both student and instructor change. Research has shown that learning is an active processthe more involved students are in the process, the better they learn. In some school situations, the designers of the curriculum determine the use of instructional aids. Effective instructors also display enthusiasm for their subject matter and express themselves clearly. In many cases, visual symbols and slogans can replace in-depth explanations. Within seconds, what is perceived as the most important information is passed to the working or short-term memory where it is processed for possible storage in the long-term memory. The scenario may not have one right or one wrong answer, which reflects situations faced in the real world.